Current therapies in exotic animal oncology.

The majority of information on oncology therapies has been reported in humans, canine, and feline patients, and laboratory animals with experimentally induced tumors. A variety of treatments,including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and others have been used with exotic animals. There are many species of exotic pets, and anatomic differences, as well as husbandry and nutritional requirements, must be taken into account to provide optimal care. By providing a broad overview of therapies and considerations for treatment, this article is intended to provide the practitioner with an overview of approach and options when addressing oncology cases in exotic animals.     

陈垓引黄灌区渠系优化配水研究

该文以系统工程的原理方法,结合山东省陈垓引黄灌区北二干渠系统实际情况,分别以灌溉净效益最大和轮灌时间最短为目标,建立了作物最优种植面积和渠系优化配水模型,应用计算机求解,取得了满意的作物优化布局和优化配水成果。实践证明,本项成果在节水、灌溉增产、提高灌区科学管理水平等方面都有着十分重要的作用。     

Nutrient limitations to bacterial and fungal growth during cellulose decomposition in tropical forest soils

Nutrients constrain the soil carbon cycle in tropical forests, but we lack knowledge on how these constraints vary within the soil microbial community. Here, we used in situ fertilization in a montane tropical forest and in two lowland tropical forests on contrasting soil types to test the principal hypothesis that there are different nutrient constraints to different groups of microorganisms during the decomposition of cellulose. We also tested the hypotheses that decomposers shift from nitrogen to phosphorus constraints from montane to lowland forests, respectively, and are further constrained by potassium and sodium deficiency in the western Amazon. Cellulose and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and combined) were added to soils in situ, and microbial growth on cellulose (phospholipid fatty acids and ergosterol) and respiration were measured. Microbial growth on cellulose after single nutrient additions was highest following nitrogen addition for fungi, suggesting nitrogen as the primary limiting nutrient for cellulose decomposition. This was observed at all sites, with no clear shift in nutrient constraints to decomposition between lowland and montane sites. We also observed positive respiration and fungal growth responses to sodium and potassium addition at one of the lowland sites. However, when phosphorus was added, and especially when added in combination with other nutrients, bacterial growth was highest, suggesting that bacteria out-compete fungi for nitrogen where phosphorus is abundant. In summary, nitrogen constrains fungal growth and cellulose decomposition in both lowland and montane tropical forest soils, but additional nutrients may also be of critical importance in determining the balance between fungal and bacterial decomposition of cellulose.     

交替灌溉对西北绿洲区小麦间作玉米水分利用的影响

受水资源不足的严重制约,西北绿洲区以间作套种为主体的多熟种植面积被持续压缩,使单位耕地产出率和光能利用率明显下降,间作节水理论和技术研究亟待开展。交替灌溉技术节水和提高水分利用效率的作用已得到大量验证,但该技术应用到间作中能否产生节水、增效作用,缺乏理论依据。2006—2008年,在甘肃河西走廊干旱荒漠绿洲区进行田间试验,探讨了交替灌溉对小麦间作玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,交替灌溉小麦间作玉米可显著提高土地利用效率(LER),LER达到1.22~1.52。交替灌溉与传统灌溉间作相比,LER差异不显著;对间作小麦的产量效应不显著,但使间作玉米的产量提高11.4%~36.4%,混合产量平均提高12.9%。与传统灌溉间作相比,交替灌间作未显著增加作物的耗水量,与单作小麦、单作玉米的加权平均相比高1.2%~19.4%。交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的WUE较单作小麦高12.0%~71.4%、较单作玉米高10.6%~37.8%、较传统灌小麦间作玉米高0.9%~22.5%。在河西绿洲灌区,小麦间作玉米上应用交替灌溉技术具有节水和提高WUE的可行性。     

无角道塞特羊胚胎移植技术研究

(1)超排处理无角道塞特绵羊163只,育成羊(76只)只均回收胚胎5.53枚,可用胚3.91枚,经产母羊(87只)只均回收胚胎7.55枚,可用胚6.34枚。经产羊平均回收胚胎总数高于育成羊(P<0.05)。春季和秋季之间超排效果差异不明显。重复超排羊和非重复超排羊之间平均回收胚胎总数和可用胚胎数差异均不显著(P>0.05)。(2)共处理受体876只,春季和秋季受体的同期发情率分别为56.37%和89.02%,发情受体利用率分别为84.67%和88.77%。(3)移植受体545只,妊娠318只,产羔396只,受体移植妊娠率为58.35%,移植胚胎成羔率为57.47%,在移植受体中,小尾寒羊的妊娠率最高为61.2%,同羊和内蒙细毛羊分别为54.62%和56.58%,受体品种之间移植妊娠率差异不显著(P>0.05)。受体黄体数对移植妊娠率及胚胎成羔率有一定的影响。胚胎的发育阶段对移植妊娠率也有影响,移植囊胚受体妊娠率最高为64.76%,明显高于早期桑椹胚移植妊娠率42.86%(P<0.05)。胚胎成羔率从桑椹胚到囊胚差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

太和县夏玉米新品种的产量性状和适应性分析

在大田条件下,研究了5个夏玉米新品种在太和县的产量性状和生态适应性.结果表明:安隆4号和鲁单98l较对照郑单958植株高大,各生育时期叶面积指数较高,叶片的功能期较长,籽粒灌浆期较对照延长5～7天,单稳重增加56.0～76.8 g,籽粒产量增加13.11‰～20.58%.安隆4号对玉米大、小叶斑病、锈病和螟虫等抗性优势明显;蠢玉16号和鲁单981适应性和抗病性较强,对玉米锈病具有显著抗性;中科11号轻感锈病,滑单986严重感染锈病,影响籽粒产量.在太和县生态环境条件下,安隆4号和鲁单981的综合抗性较好,增产潜力较大,应大面积推广种植.     

基于故障树的电控汽油发动机无法启动故障诊断分析

汽车无法启动是常见故障,在短时间里寻找故障发生的原因往往相当困难。故障树分析法作为分析系统可靠性和安全性的一种重要方法,为复杂系统的故障查找提供了一种有效的途径。以奇瑞A3无法启动为例,建立了发动机无法启动的故障树模型,设计出了发动机无法启动故障诊断流程图,结合诊断的实际经验与相应的辅助检查,能够对汽油发动机无法启动故障发生的部位作出快速准确的判断。     

Effect of pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide with or without the inclusion of an antibacterial agent on nursery pig performance

A study involving nine research stations from the NCR-42 Swine Nutrition Committee used a total of 1,978 crossbred pigs to evaluate the effects of dietary ZnO concentrations with or without an antibacterial agent on postweaning pig performance. In Exp. 1, seven stations (IA, MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, and OH) evaluated the efficacy of ZnO when fed to nursery pigs at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 mg Zn/kg for a 28-d postweaning period. A randomized complete block experiment was conducted in 24 replicates using a total of 1,060 pigs. Pigs were bled at the 28-d period and plasma was analyzed for Zn and Cu. Because two stations weaned pigs at < 15 d (six replicates) and five stations at > 20 d (18 replicates) of age, the two sets of data were analyzed separately. The early-weaned pig group had greater (P < 0.05) gains, feed intakes, and gain:feed ratios for the 28-d postweaning period as dietary ZnO concentration increased. Later-weaned pigs also had increased (P < 0.01) gains and feed intakes as the dietary ZnO concentration increased. Responses for both weanling pig groups seemed to reach a plateau at 2,000 mg Zn/kg. Plasma Zn concentrations quadratically increased (P < 0.01) and plasma Cu concentrations quadratically decreased (P < 0.01) when ZnO concentrations were > 1,000 mg Zn/kg. Experiment 2 was conducted at seven stations (KY, MI, MO, NE, ND, OH, and OK) and evaluated the efficacy of an antibacterial agent (carbadox) in combination with added ZnO. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design conducted in a total of 20 replicates. Carbadox was added at 0 or 55 mg/kg diet, and ZnO was added at 0, 1,500, or 3,000 mg Zn/ kg. A total of 918 pigs were weaned at an average 19.7 d of age. For the 28-d postweaning period, gains (P < 0.01), feed intakes (P < 0.05), and gain:feed ratios (P < 0.05) increased when dietary ZnO concentrations increased and when carbadox was added. These responses occurred in an additive manner. The results of these studies suggest that supplemental ZnO at 1,500 to 2,000 mg Zn/kg Zn improved postweaning pig performance, and its combination with an antibacterial agent resulted in additional performance improvements.