Optimum Level of Dietary n‐3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids for Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum level of dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) for juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas, based on growth performance and fatty acid compositions. Diets with five n‐3 HUFAs levels (0.15, 0.22, 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46%) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (1.97 ± 0.01 g) once a day for 60 d. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio than the sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher eicosapentaenoic acid and saturated fatty acid than the sea cucumber fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22, 0.33, and 0.38% n‐3 HUFAs. The results of growth performance and n‐3 HUFA compositions of body wall indicated that the optimum level of dietary n‐3 HUFAs for juvenile sea cucumber is between 0.22 and 0.46%.     

幼树靶标探测器设计与试验

针对果园对靶喷药中幼树靶标难以精准探测的难题,该文基于红外传感器设计了幼树靶标探测器,该探测器能同时探测喷药机两侧果树树干,根据用户设置的喷雾宽度和延迟距离等参数计算出靶标喷雾位置,并准确控制电磁阀开闭以进行对靶喷药。实验室试验表明,在传感器探测范围内探测距离和树干直径对探测器探测准确性几乎没有影响,速度对探测准确性有微小量影响,速度不大于1m/s时喷雾总宽度计算精度不小于96.1%。果园试验表明,行走速度不大于0.94m/s时,幼树靶标探测器能100%探测到树干并准确计算出喷雾位置和喷雾宽度。     

盐碱胁迫下羊草消减文库的构建及分析

以盐碱胁迫下的羊草地上部分cDNA为实验方(tester),非盐碱条件下生长的羊草地上部分cDNA为消减方(driver),利用抑制性消减杂交技术(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)构建了盐碱胁迫下羊草消减文库.从消减文库中筛选1920个阳性克隆,PCR鉴定插入片段大部分集中在300～800 bp之间.将聚类后得到的552个非重复序列与GenBank中的序列进行比对,其中有548条与数据库中的序列有同源性,其中功能已知的339个,功能未知序列209条.获得了与盐碱胁迫相关的基因,如单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-ECS)、铁蛋白(Ferrtin)、水孔蛋白(PIP)、脱水素基因(dehydrin)、14-3-3蛋白等.本实验为抗逆基因的克隆及系统研究盐碱胁迫下羊草相关基因的表达奠定了基础.     

中华绒鳌蟹幼蟹生长数学模型的初探

中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｉｒ　ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）俗称河蟹，是我国重要的淡水经济蟹．近年来养殖的河蟹，幼蟹性腺早熟现象十分普遍．为了探讨幼蟹性腺早熟的生理机制及其与自然河蟹生长的差异，我们对自然生长河蟹、非早熟精养河蟹和早熟精养河蟹的体重、体长进行了定期的测量，从而得出它们各自的生长数学模型，进一步证明河蟹体重的增长符合Ｗ＝ａＲｂ的幂回归方程，Ｗ代表体重，Ｒ代表累积天数，以日期来表示．幼蟹暂养期：自然河蟹生长公式为ＷＳ７－自＝４．２６４ ９４９×１０－３Ｒ０．７５３２６，而早熟精养河蟹的生长公式为Ｗ８８＝１．４８２７７６１６×１０－４Ｒ２．０７５１５３．在蟹种期（幼蟹期），自然河蟹生长公式为Ｗ自＝３．０８０ ６２８×１０－８Ｒ４．３９０ ５３，非早熟精养河蟹生长公式为Ｗ８７＝５．３２５ ９７×１０－８Ｒ４．２５９２３９，早熟精养河蟹生长公式为Ｗ８８＝５．４６４４３６×１０－５Ｒ２．７１７５８。无论从ａ值和ｂ值来看，早熟精养河蟹与自然河蟹差异较大；而非早熟河蟹与自然河蟹差异则较小。从而我们可以认为从 ５月 ２４日（大眼幼体的第 ７天）至 ７月 １８日的 ５４ ｄ内，幼蟹增重过快、蜕皮过频是造成性腺早熟的重要原因．     

Olfactory and behavioral responses of red imported fire ants,Solenopsis invicta,to ylang ylang oil and its components

Journal of Pest Science - The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is one of the most successful invasive pest ants in the world. We evaluated ylang ylang oil, an essential oil of...     

城市不透水表面的梯度格局、演变驱动与景观优化

不透水表面扩张对城市生态系统的过程、功能、服务有显著影响,研究其演变规律对城市发展有重要意义。以南京市为研究区,基于2000—2020年土地利用数据,采用空间梯度分析与景观格局分析相结合的方法,沿城市中心向外设置等距辐射状梯度带,分析不透水表面时空分布和梯度变化特征,同时建立沿江、跨江样带,研究不透水表面扩张规模与方向演变背后的驱动机制,最终为南京市景观格局优化提供政策依据。结果表明：(1)不透水表面景观优势度沿梯度带逐渐降低,城市中心不透水表面高度集聚,外围城区是扩张的重点区域,耕地、林地、水域等景观面积缩减严重,景观格局变化剧烈,城郊区域保持低速稳定扩张。(2)地形地貌与河流水系显著影响不透水表面扩张方向,政策规划也起到一定的作用,经济发展、人口增长、产业结构优化影响不透水表面扩张规模。(3)南京市应从改善城市生活空间、转变城市发展模式、控制城市扩张规模3个方面对城市景观格局进行优化。     

冬季河蟹人工育苗的生产试验

随着我国河蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ． Ｍｉｍｅ－Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓ １８５３年）养殖业的日益发展,河蟹的人工繁育和增养殖技术不断完善,河蟹产量不断上升;但是,北方河蟹的性早熟,制约着河蟹的养殖,该试验旨在探讨蟹苗当年养成商品蟹的养殖途径。在北方当年苗养成商品蟹生长期仅有５个多月,所以很难达到商品规格。若在冬季育,经过暂养,春季投放大规格的仔蟹,当年养成商品蟹就成为可能。为此,我们在１９９４～１９９５年１月,在大港区滨海养殖场进行了冬季河蟹人工育苗的生产性试验,通过对生产车间的改造,亲蟹的暂养、交配、抱卵及人工育苗等,于１９９４年 １２月 ８日和 １９９５年１月１５日,共人工繁育蟹苗（大眼幼体）１１５ ｋｇ,取得了冬季育苗的成功。然后将蟹苗养成仔蟹,（在张家港）当年１０月,养成商品蟹,平均规格１００ｇ／只以上。取得了很高的经济效益和社会效益。     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance,non‐specific immune enzymes and acute response to low salinity and high temperature of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

This study was performed to determine the optimum dietary carbohydrate (CHO) levels of sea cucumber, based on the parameters of growth, digestive enzymes, digestibility, non‐specific immune enzymes and acute low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress and high‐temperature (30°C) stress tolerance. Diets with eight different CHO (dextrin) levels (32.9, 107.6, 192.5, 257.2, 316.8, 428.0, 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (0.49 ± 0.01 g) for 60 days. Significant higher amylase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed diet with CHO ranging between 32.9 and 192.5 g/kg than that of other treatments (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5 g/kg CHO showed significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than the treatments of 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg CHO (p < .05), and significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than other treatments (p < .05, except 257.2 g/kg). The treatments of 428.0–572.8 g/kg were found significantly lower values than other treatments in apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5, 257.2 and 316.8 g/kg CHO showed better tolerance to high‐temperature (30°C) and low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress than other treatments. In brief, the optimal dietary CHO level for the growth of juvenile sea cucumber is 177.96 g/kg. However, excessive CHO will inhibit amylase enzyme activity and decrease digestibility, resulting in low growth of sea cucumber.     

Dietary taurine impacts the growth,amino acid profile and resistance against heat stress of tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes)

A 56‐day feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the effects of taurine (Tau) supplementation on growth performance, amino acid profile and heat stress resistance capacity in juvenile Takifugu rubripes (initial body weight: 32.28 ± 0.20 g). Tiger puffer were distributed into five groups and each received one of the following diets: each diet was supplemented with 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 20 (T4) or 50 (T5) g Tau/kg, respectively. Growth performances were significantly ameliorated with fed diet T3 (p < .05). The Tau content of muscle increased significantly as dietary Tau increased (p < .05). Compared to the control group, fish fed diets T4 and T5 showed significantly higher concentration of triglyceride and urea, respectively (p < .05), while taurine transporter (TauT) gene and IGF‐1 gene expression increased significantly in fish fed diets T3 and T4, respectively (p < .05). After acute heat stress, HSP70 gene expression levels were significantly greater in the livers and spleens of T. rubripes (p < .05) fed diet supplemented with Tau. Levels of complement C4 were highest in fish fed 10 g/kg Tau (p < .05). These data suggested that dietary supplemented with taurine indicated positive effects on growth performances, amino acid profile and resistance against heat stress for T. rubripes.     

Purification and Characterization of an Antioxidant Protein from Pearl Oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii)

Protein from pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii) was purified and characterized. Results showed that the pearl muscle protein (PMP) was composed of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximate 11.6 kDa and contained 95.1% of the protein and 4.92% of the carbohydrate of the oyster. The polypeptide appears to be a glycoprotein, since the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the PMP shows the typical characteristics of protein and polysaccharides. The denaturation temperature of the PMP was 81.3°C by differential scanning calorimetry. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the PMP has a highly ordered structure. The PMP (200 μg/mL) showed a high oxygen radical absorbance activity (ORAC) of 6.57 μmol Trolox/μmol protein. Its antioxidant activity was stable at temperatures from 30–80°C and pH 2–10. The antioxidant activity was significantly inhibited by Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, and EDTA and enhanced by Mn²⁺. The results suggest that the PMP could be used as a potential natural antioxidant.