Evaluation of palygorskite for remediation of Cd-polluted soil with different water conditions

Purpose

The study aimed at comparing the effects of different water managements on soil Cd immobilization using palygorskite, which was significant for the selection of reasonable water condition.

Materials and methods

Field experiment was taken to discuss the in situ remediation effects of palygorskite on Cd-polluted paddy soils, under different water managements, using a series of variables, including pH and extractable Cd in soils, plant Cd, enzyme activity, and microorganism number in soils.

Results and discussion

In control group, the pH in continuous flooding was the highest under three water conditions, and compared to conventional irrigation, continuous flooding reduced brown rice Cd by 37.9%, and brown rice Cd in wetting irrigation increased by 31.0%. In palygorskite treated soils, at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 g kg^?1, brown rice Cd reduced by 16.7, 44.4, and 55.6%; 13.8, 34.5, and 44.8%; and 13.1, 36.8, and 47.3% under continuous flooding, conventional irrigation, and wetting irrigation (p < 0.05), respectively. The enzyme activity and microbial number increased after applying palygorskite to paddy soils.

Conclusions

Continuous flooding was a good candidate as water management for soil Cd stabilization using palygorskite. Rise in soil enzyme activity and microbial number proved that ecological function regained after palygorskite application.

     

4种微生物对烤烟中代森锰锌农药残留及降解动态的影响

为降解农药残留微生物菌剂的研究及制备提供参考,采用田间试验研究阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌不同初始菌液量对烤烟中代森锰锌农药残留及降解动态的影响。结果表明:在烤烟旺长期喷施代森锰锌农药后再喷施阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌4种微生物菌液均能有效降解烟叶中代森锰锌农药残留,且喷施的初始菌液量不同其降解效果各异,并均在喷施菌液5d后的降解效果最明显,降解率达90%以上。喷施0.2倍、0.4倍和0.6倍初始菌液量铜绿假单胞菌对代森锰锌农药的降解效果均优于阴沟肠杆菌、荧光假单胞菌和恶臭假单胞菌;并以荧光假单胞菌喷施0.6倍、恶臭假单胞菌喷施0.2倍初始菌液量的降解效果最好,而阴沟肠杆菌喷施0.2倍、0.4倍和0.6倍初始菌液量的降解效果相当。     

磁处理水对两种十字花科植物种子发芽生长的影响

为了观察磁处理水培养液对2种十字花科植物莱菔与白芥种子发芽生长的影响．使用不同强度的磁处理水培养液对莱菔种子和白芥种子进行处理，设置对照组，7d统计发芽率、根长、根重，测相对电导率。结果表明：0．08T、0．10T强度磁处理水培养液处理的莱菔子与白芥子发芽和根生长情况均好于对照组（P〈O．05）．0．08T、0．10T磁处理水培养液处理的两种幼株的电导率均低于对照组。说明磁处理水培养液对两种十字花科植物莱菔与白芥种子发芽生长有影响，其生长情况与磁场强度有关。     

内蒙古磴口县10种园林绿化树种滞尘能力研究

植物对大气中的粉尘有滞留、吸附和过滤作用,因此,滞尘能力被看作是园林绿化树种选择的一个重要指标。采用水洗过滤法对磴口县10种绿化树种的单位叶面积滞尘量进行了测定。结果表明:不同树种的单位叶面积滞尘量存在显著差异,这主要是与植物叶片特性、树冠结构、枝叶密度、叶面倾角等差异有关。灌木树种单位叶面积滞尘量从大到小为玫瑰(2.7470±0.2033g/m2)>榆叶梅(2.2817±0.0387g/m2)>黄刺玫(1.5975±0.1144g/m2)>华北珍珠梅(1.2269±0.0262g/m2)>桃叶卫矛(1.0965±0.2103g/m2);乔木树种单位叶面积滞尘量从大到小为洋白蜡(1.4977±0.1780g/m2)>胡杨(0.8622±0.2216g/m2)>国槐(0.5207±0.0928g/m2)>香花槐(0.3775±0.0780g/m2)>垂柳(0.1330±0.1360g/m2)。灌木树种的单位叶面积滞尘量整体上大于乔木。     

基于离散元法的牛肉咀嚼破碎模型构建

为了实现准确、便捷、客观地牛肉嫩度分级检测。该文利用离散单元法构建牛肉块在口腔中咀嚼破碎模型,并进行仿真模拟。研究中选取50头牛的眼肉作为试验样品,30头牛用于构建模型,20头牛用于验证仿真模型的准确性。试验牛样品在75~80℃的恒温水浴中加热至样品内部温度达到70℃时取出,冷却至室温(20℃)。利用质构仪测得牛肉样品的剪切模量、法向刚度等参数,同时测得密度、碰撞恢复系数、摩擦系数等构建离散元模型需要的相关参数。利用测得的参数构建牛肉咀嚼破碎的离散元仿真模型。将咀嚼破碎的牛肉微颗粒作为离散单元模拟仿真中的最小单位,利用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding模型中的颗粒体积力将牛肉块替换为微颗粒黏结的颗粒簇。在咀嚼作用下,当任意2个微颗粒之间的法向应力和切向应力超过最大极限值时,颗粒簇就开始破碎,仿真牛肉的咀嚼破碎过程。研究中利用离散元模拟仿真4个咀嚼周期并记录力和牛肉颗粒的变化。采用感官评定法和剪切力测定分别验证仿真的准确性,准确率都达到90%。研究表明,利用离散元模拟仿真能有效地实现牛肉嫩度等级的预测评定,为牛肉嫩度品质检测提供新方法。     

Two-year fluctuation of Cd bioavailability in a remediated rice field under different water managements

Purpose

Based on two consecutive years of field-scale trials, under different water managements, we illustrated the persistence of remediation effect of palygorskite on a Cd-polluted rice field.

Materials and methods

The Cd uptake by a plant, pH and Cd chemical extractability, available P/K, and extractable Zn/Cu in paddy soils were used to evaluate the influence of palygorskite on Cd immobilization and soil fertility index.

Results and discussion

In contrast to the 1st year, at 0–1.5% palygorskite applied dose in soils, 0.025 M HCl–extractable Cd in continuous flooding reduced by 12.1–19.0%, and that in wetting irrigation increased by 10.9–18.9% in the 2nd year (p?<?0.05). The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure Cd reduction of 3.0–11.4% and increase of 8.9–12.0% were obtained under above-mentioned water managements (p?<?0.05). Compared with the 1st year, at different clay additional concentrations, grain Cd in continuous flooding reduced by 7.0–11.3%, and that in wetting irrigation increased by 6.5–10.8% in the 2nd year (p?<?0.05). Although trace elements in clay treated soils declined, they had no influence on the grain yield due to a minimum value higher than the critical value of 1.5 mg kg^?1 for Zn and 2.0 mg kg^?1 for Cu. The available P in continuous flooding took on a maximum increase of 8.2% in the 2nd year (p?<?0.05).

Conclusions

Two consecutive years of field-scale in situ demonstration tests revealed that continuous flooding was a preferable water management regime for Cd immobilization using palygorskite in the rice field. There were no remarkable differences in extractable Zn/Cu between 2 years.

     

烤烟品种NC102高产配套栽培技术研究

为烤烟品种NC102在云南烟区的大面积推广种植提供参考,在云南省石林县板桥镇马街村进行了施氮量、株行距、留叶数、打顶时期4因素3个水平对该品种产量、产值影响的正交试验。结果表明:施氮量、施氮量与株距互作对NC102产量的影响极显著,株距、留叶数的影响显著;施氮量、株距、施氮量与互作株距对产值的影响极显著,留叶数的影响显著;各因素对NC102产量与产值的影响程度依次为施氮量施氮量与株距互作株距留叶数。NC102品种的田间最佳技术措施组合为施纯氮量6.5kg/667m2、株距0.6m、留叶数20片、现蕾打顶。     

磁处理水对枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响试验

采用分光光度法、平板菌落计数法,研究不同磁场强度的磁处理水对枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响。结果表明,磁场强度为0.05 T磁处理水对枯草芽孢杆菌生长有一定促进作用(P<0.01);0.10﹑0.25 T的磁处理水对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长有非常明显的抑制作用(P<0.01);0.08 T的磁处理水对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长没有影响(P>0.05)。磁处理水对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长具有一定影响,其生长情况与磁场强度有关。     

危害薤（藠头）的大蒜根螨防治药剂筛选

薤又称藠头,是我国特色蔬菜。近年来随着薤种植面积的扩大，大蒜根螨（RhizoglyphusalliiButetWang）对薤的为害也迅速加重。大蒜根螨群集于薤地下肉质鳞茎处取食为害，受害鳞茎细小，虫量高时鳞茎由外向内腐烂，干燥时外层表皮变褐；地上部表现生长缓慢，叶片细少、发黄，基部叶片逐渐黄枯并向心叶扩展，重发田块常断垄绝收。     

牙鲆"鲆优2号"不同养殖地点生长和存活性状的基因型与环境互作分析

为比较牙鲆"鲆优2号"在不同养殖地区的生长和存活性能,实验利用连续多代对生长性状和抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病性状遗传参数评估和基因组选择的结果筛选出的亲本,建立28个"鲆优2号"家系,在河北(Site 1)和山东(Site 2)进行对比养殖试验,利用混合线性动物模型对生长和存活性状进行了基因型与环境互作分析。Site 1和Site 2的平均日增重分别为1.5和1.2 g/d,养殖成活率分别为81.4%和82.2%,"鲆优2号"在两个养殖地点的生长和抗病性能均表现优异。不同养殖环境间收获体质量和存活性状的遗传相关分别为0.57(<0.7)和0.82(>0.7),说明不同养殖环境间收获体质量存在显著的基因型与环境互作效应,但是不同养殖环境间存活性状的基因型与环境互作效应不显著。研究表明,牙鲆"鲆优2号"新品种在不同养殖地点的生长和存活性能均表现良好,为保证良好的推广效果,需要对牙鲆的制种方案进一步优化,针对不同的养殖地区进行"鲆优2号"苗种生产,或培育具有普适性的"鲆优2号"苗种,保证在不同养殖环境下的快速生长和高存活率优势。