洛阳孟津冬小麦生产潜力长周期定量模拟与评价

以洛阳孟津地区气象数据库、土壤数据库、作物数据库和多年田间试验数据库为基础, 应用DSSAT作物生长模型估算了当地冬小麦光温生产潜力和光温水生产潜力, 并对节水潜力及途径进行了分析.结果表明, 洛阳孟津地区46年冬小麦光温生产潜力为7 571～10 965 kg·hm-2, 平均9 209 kg·hm-2, 此值可作为当地补灌区产量的上限参考值; 光温水生产潜力为3 957～7 450 kg·hm-2, 平均5 510 kg·hm-2, 仅占光温生产潜力的59.8%, 此值可作为雨养冬小麦产量的上限参考值.冬小麦生育期内平均降水量为226.29 mm, 不及需水量的一半, 平均水分亏缺量占生育期降水量比例高达72.5%, 平均水分满足率为66.4%, 生育期水分亏缺成为影响洛阳孟津地区旱作冬小麦生产发展的首要障碍.不同土壤类型及不同降雨年型冬小麦潜在水分利用效率变幅较大, 波动范围为12.06～22.94 kg·hm-2·mm-1, 46年均值为16.94 kg·hm-2·mm-1.近8年旱作冬小麦现实水分利用效率仅占潜在水分利用效率的58.5%, 平均光温水生产潜力开发度为60.5%.结果表明, 洛阳孟津地区冬小麦节水潜力较大, 采用合理的节水农业措施, 加强农田建设, 改善地力, 增强土壤储水蓄水能力, 高效利用降水资源, 提高水分利用效率是今后提高冬小麦产量的重要途径.     

蜗牛对蔬菜和玉米的危害与趋向性研究

以番茄、瓠瓜、大白菜、花椰菜、辣椒、茄子、长豇豆、大蒜、芹菜和玉米为试材,研究了
蜗牛对蔬菜和玉米的危害与趋向性。结果表明：蜗牛能啮食大白菜、花椰菜、瓠瓜、辣椒、茄子、玉米苗、
芹菜等7 种作物,在移栽后1 d 即能取食,且有正趋性;番茄、长豇豆和大蒜上未发现蜗牛取食迹象,并
有负趋性。蜗牛最喜欢啮食大白菜,趋性最强;其次是花椰菜;大蒜对蜗牛的负趋性最大。     

Development of germ cells and reproductive biology in the sipunculid Phascolosoma esculenta

Sipuncula are of increasing interest for fisheries and aquaculture in China. Sustainable harvests will rely on a better knowledge of reproductive characteristics and stock enhancement. Here, we investigated the structural characteristics of and seasonal changes in germ cell development of the sipunculid Phascolosoma esculenta from the south-eastern coast of Zhejiang, China. An annual survey of egg numbers in the coelom (body cavity) fluid by light and electron microscopy of the females indicates that P. esculenta is dioecious. No defined gonad but dissociated germ cells were found in the coelomic cavity during the 1-year observation. The germ cells showed multiplication and development in the coelomic cavity. Reproduction took place from May to September, with a peak in July and August. The oogenesis can be divided into four phases: cell proliferation, pre-vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis and egg envelope formation and maturation. The process of spermatogenesis can also be divided into four phases: cell multiplication, cell growth, cell maturation and metamorphosis. Monthly changes in the relative number of eggs in each stage indicate that P. esculenta lays eggs in batches. The sperm thrives in the coelomic fluid in the form of cell groups with patterns of genesis and release similar to those of the eggs. Eggs of P. esculenta were fertilized only when reaching the nephridium. The sex ratio was about 1:1 throughout the year.     

大豆异黄酮的生理功能

近年来,大豆异黄酮由于雌激素效应而倍受关注。该文综述了大豆异黄酮的的来源、组成结构、代谢、生理功能、作用机制及其在畜牧生产上的应用,并指出了大豆异黄酮需进一步研究的问题。     

石灰和有效微生物群处理条件下土壤动物群落多样性研究

采用石灰和有效微生物群(Effective Microoganisms,EM)处理改善了大兴安岭森林生态系统土壤微酸性环境和较低的微生物活性特征,于2003~2005年采用网袋分解法,揭示土壤动物群落多样性特征,为土壤动物生态地理研究和森林生态系统管理提供科学依据。研究表明,分解袋内土壤动物多样性对石灰和EM处理的响应表现出以下特征:(1)处理样地土壤动物个体数增加但类群数减少,其中螨类和弹尾类增加明显。(2)石灰和EM处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性,对应分析表明石灰样地与其他样地有所差异。(3)各样地不同网孔分解袋中土壤动物类群数表现为大孔>中孔>小孔,而个体数基本上为中孔>大孔>小孔,是由于网袋内中小型土壤动物占优势而大型土壤动物数量较少引起的。(4)土壤动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数在针叶和阔叶网袋中响应特征不同,但彼此间没有显著差异。     

甘蓝型油菜茎秆菌核病抗性与木质素及其单体比例的相关性分析及QTL定位

菌核病是一类非专一性的植物真菌病原菌,寄主范围广泛,严重危害农作物的生产。对高世代重组自交系群体(RIL)及F₂群体终花期茎秆进行菌核病抗性接种鉴定,根据构建的近红外模型对接种鉴定的茎秆木质素含量、单体组分比例进行测定,并进行相关性分析和QTL定位。结果表明在2013年和2014年RIL群体茎秆菌斑大小与木质素含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为–0.348和–0.286,与单体G/S呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.198和0.167。2014年F₂群体菌斑大小与木质素含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为–0.306,与单体G/S相关性为0.142。F_2:3家系抗(感)植株茎部切片间苯三酚染色观察表明抗性较强的材料木质素含量高于抗性较弱的材料。根据已构建的重组自交系高密度SNP遗传图谱,利用复合区间作图法对上述性状进行QTL分析,共检测到18个QTL,其中9个菌核病抗性相关QTL分布于A05、A06、C04和C06染色体,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为2.38%~12.05%;3个木质素含量QTL分别位于A04、A05和C01染色体,单个QTL可解释表型变异的2.03%~13.75%。6个木质素单体G/S QTL分布于A08、C03和C07染色体,单个QTL可解释表型变异的2.06%~8.66%。本文研究结果为油菜菌核病抗性育种提供了新的思路和理论基础。     

丽芸1 号菜豆及山地越夏栽培

丽芸1 号菜豆山地越夏栽培,采收至20 d（天）左右时有一个生长停滞期,此时花量明显减少,通过及时摘除病叶和衰老叶、重施1 ～ 2 次三元复合肥、花前控制浇水、开花结荚后加大浇水量等一系列措施,可以促进菜豆基部侧枝发生和重新开花结荚,延长采收期50 d（天）左右。     

Bioactive Phenylalanine Derivatives and Cytochalasins from the Soft Coral-Derived Fungus,Aspergillus elegans

One new phenylalanine derivative 4′-OMe-asperphenamate (1), along with one known phenylalanine derivative (2) and two new cytochalasins, aspochalasin A1 (3) and cytochalasin Z24 (4), as well as eight known cytochalasin analogues (5–12) were isolated from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus elegans ZJ-2008010, a fungus obtained from a soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from the South China Sea. Their structures and the relative configurations were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by chemical synthesis and Marfey’s method. All isolated metabolites (1–12) were evaluated for their antifouling and antibacterial activities. Cytochalasins 5, 6, 8 and 9 showed strong antifouling activity against the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, with the EC₅₀ values ranging from 6.2 to 37 μM. This is the first report of antifouling activity for this class of metabolites. Additionally, 8 exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, especially against four pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus albus, S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus.     

洛阳孟津地区近47年来气温的变化特征

利用洛阳孟津地区地面气象观测站1961—2007年气温观测资料,运用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验、小波分析和累积距平等方法对近47a来温度变化的主要特征进行了分析。结果表明,近47a来平均气温呈增加趋势,线性增温速率为0．19℃·（10a）^-1,其震荡周期为21～27a;季节温度变化最显著特点为冬季增温显著,夏季持续偏冷,春季和秋季增温明显。据季节温度震荡主周期判断,未来短时间内（3～6a）各季节均主要处于偏暖期。1993年至今,≥0℃和≥10℃的活动积温处于回升阶段。