BmNPV半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因的核苷酸序列研究

对家蚕核型多角体病毒苏州株（BmNPVsu）光胱氨酸蛋白酶基因（CP）的序列分析表明,该基因读码框为972个核苷酸,编码323个氨基酸。同源性分析表明,BmNPVsu的CP与首蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（AcNPV）、美国白蛾核型多角体病毒（HcNPV）、云杉卷叶蛾核型多角体病毒（CfNPV）、黄杉毒蛾核型多角体病毒（OpNPV）、舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒（Ld-NPV）在DNA水平上的同源性分别为96.5％、76.2％、74.9％、72.7％、62.9％;在氨基酸水平上的同源性分别为96.9％、77.1％、79.3％、77.1％、65.6％。BmNPV CP的氨基酸序列与不同来源的木瓜蛋白酶超家族的CP也具有较高的同源性,特别与 Trpanosoma brucei的CP具有较高的一致性,达32％。在组织蛋白酶B、H、L、S以及木瓜蛋白酶的36个保守氨基酸残基中有31种出现在BmNPVsu的CP中,BmNPVsu CP同其它杆状病毒CP一样,可看作木瓜蛋白酶超家族成员。     

我国鲜切蔬菜产业中的问题与发展趋势

鲜切蔬菜是以新鲜蔬菜为原料，经清洗、去皮、
切割或切分、修整、包装等加工过程而制成的即食新
鲜蔬菜产品。鲜切蔬菜加工技术是近年国际上发展
最快的一种蔬菜加工实用技术。由于鲜切蔬菜产品
具有自然、新鲜、卫生、方便，尤其是安全和环保等特
点，在国际上已成为蔬菜商品化的新形式，成为蔬菜
消费的新趋势，从而使鲜切蔬菜产业的发展成为延
长蔬菜产业链条的一个新的突破点。随着现代生活
节奏的加快和休闲消费的快速发展，我国的鲜切蔬
菜产业正日益受到广泛的关注。     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

Estimation of genetic parameters for growth traits of Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> using an animal model

To estimate genetic parameters of growth traits in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, full-sib and half-sib families were produced in three consecutive years at the Beidaihe Central Experiment Station in China. Each year 8–28 families were produced. The body weight, body length and body depth at 180, 240, and 360 days of age were measured for 5,224 individuals. Four animal models were used to examine the phenotypic variation of growth traits and were compared using the likelihood ratio test. The results showed that estimates for additive genetic effect heritabilities varied greatly depending on the model, trait and age. The maternal effect had a significant impact on phenotypic variation only for body depth at 180 days of age, which explained 49% of the phenotypic variance. The ratio of full-sib effect to phenotypic variation ranged from 0.09 to 0.22. Growth traits all exhibited low heritability (0.13–0.39), indicating that there is the potential for family selection breeding for these traits in Japanese flounder. Using the full model with the fixed, full-sib family, additive and maternal genetic effects, genetic correlations among the three traits for fish of the same age were estimated to be more than 0.80. Generally, the genetic correlations gradually increased as age increased.     

公顷产10000kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性

以泰山23和济麦22为试验品种,通过连续2年的田间试验,对单产高达10 000 kg hm^-2的小麦进行了施氮量和氮素吸收转运和分配特性的研究。在2006-2007年生长季,随着施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低,施纯氮240 kg hm^-2 (N240)和270 kg hm^-2(N270)处理的产量分别达9 954.73 kg hm^-2和10 647.02 kg hm^-2,比不施氮肥处理(N0)分别增加11.20%和18.93%。与N0处理相比,施氮处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量;随着施氮量的增加,成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势,以N270处理最高;开花后营养器官氮素向小麦籽粒转运量和转运率先升后降,转运量以N270处理最大,为213.78 kg hm^-2;而转运率以N240处理最高,为67.98%。随施氮量的增加,小麦成熟期各器官干物质积累量、花后营养器官干物质再分配量和再分配率先增后降,均以N270处理最高;开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率亦呈先增后降的趋势,以N240处理最高。2005-2006年的试验结果呈相同变化趋势。在本试验条件下,小麦产量水平达10 000 kg hm^-2时的适宜施氮量为240~270 kg hm^-2,可供生产中参考。     

普通小麦主要农艺性状的全基因组关联分析

为解析小麦复杂农艺性状的遗传机制,本研究以150份小麦品种(系)为自然群体,在4个环境条件下测定了9个主要农艺性状,利用小麦35K SNP芯片,结合5种关联模型(Q、PCA、K、PCA+K、Q+K),进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,全基因组多态性信息量PIC的范围为0.0950～0.5000,最小等位基因频率MAF值为0.0500～0.5000;群体结构分析和PCA分析均表明参试材料可分为两个亚群;连锁不平衡分析发现A基因组、B基因组、D基因组和全基因组的LD衰减距离分别为4.7、8、11和6 Mb。9个性状共检测到652个显著的关联位点(P≤0.001),其中21个SNP在2个或2个以上的环境中被重复检测到,分布在1A(1)、1B(4)、2A(3)、2D(2)、3A(1)、5A(1)、5B(5)、6A(1)、6B(2)和7D(3)染色体上; 1个SNP标记的物理位置未知, 3个SNP标记同时与2个性状显著关联;单个SNP的表型贡献率为7.67%～18.79%。8个优势等位变异在供试群体中所占比例较低,筛选出14个可能与小麦农艺性状相关的候选基因,其中TraesCS5B02G237200、TraesCS7D02G129700和TraesCS1B02G426300可能在植物抵御生物与非生物胁迫中起作用,TraesCS5B02G010800和TraesCS7D02G436800可能与植物激素的合成和响应有关,TraesCS2A02G092200可能与植物细胞壁的增强有关, TraesCS5A02G438800可能参与叶绿体发育,另外7个候选基因的功能未知。     

太原城郊老菜区番茄氮肥利用率及氮去向研究

为了加强太原城郊老菜区蔬菜生产中氮素管理和降低蔬菜生产对环境的污染,在田间采用微区15N示踪法研究了番茄生产过程中农民习惯施氮(FAR)和推荐施氮(RAR)的氮肥利用效率和氮去向。结果表明:与习惯施氮比较,推荐施氮对番茄各部位干物质量、氮浓度和产量均无显著影响,且明显降低了番茄地上部吸收化学肥料氮的百分率,但对各部位氮肥利用效率和总氮肥利用效率无显著影响,氮肥利用效率仅为8%～9%,这可能与土壤原来氮库或所施有机肥矿化提供了大量氮素有关。两种施肥处理均导致65%左右的氮素损失,其中习惯施氮和推荐施氮分别导致30%和26%的氮素淋洗到40cm以下土层,为此有必要种植蔬菜后利用深根系粮食作物吸收土壤下层氮素来降低蔬菜生产对环境的影响。     

黑番鸭血管活性肠肽受体-1基因(VIPR-1)的cDNA克隆及其组织表达特性分析

最近的研究表明,血管活性肠肽(VIP)与家禽的就巢习性密切相关。本研究采用反转录PCR方法从黒番鸭(Cairina moschata)母鸭下丘脑组织中克隆了血管活性肠肽受体(VIPR-1)基因的cDNA序列,长度为1125bp,编码355个氨基酸(GenBank登录号:JN625215)。序列比对结果表明,该序列与家禽(鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑)和哺乳动物(人、小鼠、猪、牛)的基因序列分别有93%~94%和69%~71%的同源性,而相应氨基酸序列的同源性分别为96%和70%~72%。荧光定量PCR结果发现,黒番鸭VIPR-1基因的表达量在产蛋期、就巢期和休产期差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),就巢期表达量最高,休产期次之,产蛋期表达量最低,表明VIPR-1基因与繁殖阶段变化密切相关;对不同组织VIPR-1的表达量分析发现,VIPR-1在垂体、下丘脑和卵巢中均有表达,其中垂体最多,其次是下丘脑,卵巢中的表达量最低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。研究结果提示,VIPR-1基因具有高度保守性,参与下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴(特别是垂体)对黑番鸭就巢行为的调控。