稻虾共作模式氮和磷循环特征及平衡状况

稻虾共作模式是我国长江中下游地区一种新兴的稻田复合种养生态模式,研究稻虾共作系统中氮（N）和磷（P）的循环特征及盈亏状况,对合理调控稻虾共作系统养分循环和平衡,指导系统N和P优化管理具有重要的意义。本文通过田间试验,采用投入产出法,以中稻单作模式作为对照,研究了稻虾共作模式下N和P的循环特征及平衡状况。结果表明：克氏原螯虾子系统N和P的输出/输入比分别为0.62和0.44,且子系统中N和P以饲料输入最大,占总输入的92.9%和96.4%,以成虾N和P输出最大,分别占总输出的53.3%和59.5%;在目前投入水平下,两种模式土壤子系统中N和P表观平衡均出现盈余,且稻虾共作模式土壤子系统N的盈余量高于中稻单作模式,而P的盈余量则低于中稻单作模式;稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于1,且稻虾共作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于中稻单作模式;稻虾共作模式增加了土壤截存的N和P量,其土壤截存的N和P量较中稻单作模式分别提高49.2 kg·hm^-2和9.1 kg·hm^-2;稻虾共作模式提高了系统N和P表观损失量,其系统N和P表观损失量较中稻单作模式分别提高10.2 kg·hm^-2和1.0 kg·hm^-2。可见稻虾共作模式降低了N和P输出/输入比,促进了土壤中N和P的累积,但增加了系统N和P表观损失量。     

不同施肥量对甜荞主要产量指标的影响

通过对定西地区甜荞不同施肥量下株高、分枝数、产量、降水利用效率等指标的综合比较认为,最佳的施肥量为：施纯N 22.5kg/hm2、P2O5 30.46kg/hm2、K2O 65.48kg/hm2,其对应株高73.4cm,分枝数4.4个,产量896.18kg/hm2,降水利用效率5.38kg/(hm2·mm)。     

鹅掌楸属杂交测定初步分析研究

鹅掌楸属杂交测定林的生长状况进行分析,结果表明5 a生树高、胸径、材积年平均生长量为1.92 m,2.5 cm,0.009 2 m3;生长最快杂交组合是T11×C8,其平均年生长量分别为2.39 m,3.4 cm和0.018 3 m3。3个生长性状杂交组合间都呈极显著的差异,为优良杂交组合的选择奠定基础。树高、胸径和材积的杂交组合(家系)遗传力分别为0.501,0.631和0.687,分别进行优良杂交组合选择,其现实遗传增益为16.3%,32.9%和116.1%。几种交配模式之间的材积生长比较结果是T×CC×TT自由授粉C自由授粉C×CT×S。优良杂交组合T11×C8、T12×C8、C9×T12的杂种优势率分别为108.7%,64.3%和110.7%。     

Magnetic removal/immobilization of cadmium and zinc in contaminated soils using a magnetic microparticle solid chelator and its effect on rice cultivation

Purpose

Magnetic removal techniques using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents have been frequently tested for use in the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution, but seldom in farmland soil. Here, a novel magnetic microparticle solid chelator (MSC) was employed as the adsorbent for magnetic removal and/or immobilization of Cd and Zn in a paddy soil (PS), an upland soil (US), and a paddy–upland rotation soil (RS) with different degrees of pollution.

Materials and methods

MSC was applied to 14 kg air-dried soil samples (PS, US, and RS) at the dosage of 1% (w/w), and then watered, and intermittently stirred. Finally, the MSC–metal complexes were retrieved using a magnetic device (MCR treatment) or not (MC treatment), and the removal efficiency of soil Cd and Zn in MCR treatment was evaluated. After magnetic separation of MSC–metal complexes, pot experiments were performed to investigate the impacts of the magnetic remediation process on rice growth, the phytoavailability of soil Cd and Zn, and the accumulation of Cd and Zn in rice plants.

Results and discussion

The MCR treatment exhibited recovery rates of 55.4%, 49.6%, and 19.0% for MSC–metal complexes in PS, US, and RS, respectively, which brought about removal efficiencies of 2.2–12.2% for Cd and 1.9–4.6% for Zn. The MC and MCR treatments substantially decreased the availability of soil Cd, but not soil Zn; this effect was more remarkable when using CaCl₂ instead of DTPA as the extractant for determination of bioavailable metals. Furthermore, the CaCl₂-extractable Cd and Zn had a more significant relationship with Cd and Zn concentrations in rice roots. The MC and MCR treatments led to dramatic reductions in rice grain Cd of 23.9–72.1% and 37.3–63.9%, respectively, in the three soils relative to the respective controls. The MC and MCR treatments also exhibited an inhibitory effects on rice grain Zn accumulation in US (10.6% and 4.3% decreases, respectively) and RS (9.3% and 19.5% decreases, respectively), but not in PS. Moreover, the grain yield was unaffected under the MCR treatment in the three soils, and significantly increased by 29.8% under the MC treatment in US.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that MSC-based magnetic remediation technique can effectively immobilize and/or remove Cd and Zn in farmland soils, decreasing their uptake by rice plants, with no adverse effects on grain yield.

     

不同施肥量对甜荞主要产量指标的影响

通过对定西地区甜荞不同施肥量下株高、分枝数、产量、降水利用效率等指标的综合比较认为,最佳的施肥量为:施纯N22.5kg/hm2、P2O530.46kg/hm2、K2O65.48kg/hm2,其对应株高73.4cm,分枝数4.4个,产量896.18kg/hm2,降水利用效率5.38kg/(hm2·mm)。     

城市中水资源可持续发展的研究——以邯郸市为例

介绍了城市中水工程建设的必要性,以邯郸市为例,分析了典型城市中水工程建设现状、存在的问题,并提出了对策。     

苹果新品种‘国红’

 ‘国红’品种是‘国光’和‘红星’杂交再回交‘红星’的后代, 果实圆锥形、浓红, 向阳面为紫红色, 平均单果质量257 g , 最大单果质量420 g, 可溶性固形物含量15. 6%, 成熟期为10 月下旬, 适宜采收期为9 月下旬至10 月下旬, 长达1 个月。     

自由纺锤形苹果树体结构分析

为明确自由纺锤形整形修剪模式下苹果树体结构及各因素间的相关性,于河北省行唐县苹果标准示范园内分别调查了自由纺锤形短枝"富士"、自由纺锤形长枝"富士"、自由纺锤形"华冠"共3个树形结构的主枝轴生长数据,通过SPSS分析,比较尖削度与主枝轴各生长因素的相关关系。结果表明:自由纺锤形短枝"富士"的尖削度与主枝轴各因素均为负相关,但与主枝轴各因素之间负相关的差异性不显著;自由纺锤形长枝"富士"的尖削度与主枝轴各因素之间均表现为正相关,但与其各因素的相关性表现为不显著水平;而自由纺锤形"华冠"苹果的尖削度与主枝轴各因素均为负相关,并且尖削度与其主枝轴总长度之间负相关的差异性均达到了差异极显著水平。该研究结果可为指导矮砧密植苹果树整形技术提供科学的理论参考依据。     

城市居民生活垃圾分类标准认知及实施情况的调查研究

采取调查问卷法,以自拟的调查问卷对菏泽家政职业学院450名在校学生的家长,就生活垃圾分类实施情况及分类标准的认知情况进行问卷调查,并对调查结果进行了分析。经研究分析发现,被调查人对生活垃圾进行分类处理的比例不高,对于我国常用的几种垃圾分类标准认可度也不高;其原因主要在于垃圾分类标准制定不合理,市民不知如何对垃圾进行分类。在此基础上,对生活垃圾分类标准如何改进,提出了相关建议,以供参考。     

出口冰鲜鸡肉最佳保质期限的确定

在检疫卫生注册的出口鸡肉加工厂,在正常生产卫生条件下,将加工鸡肉产品速冻,使其中心温度达到-1℃±0.5℃后,在-3℃、-1℃、0℃、4℃、10℃五种不同保存温度下,对冰鲜肉进行保持期限试验研究.通过感官检查和实验室检查冰鲜肉的品质变化,确定了冰鲜鸡肉的最佳保存温度与最佳保持期限,即0℃～-1℃12天.