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Correlations between leaf abscisic acid concentration ([ABA]), stomatal conductance (gs), rate of stomatal opening in response to an increase in leaf water potential (si), shoot hydraulic conductance (L) and photosynthetic characteristics were examined in saplings of six temperate deciduous tree species: Acer platanoides L., Padus avium Mill., Populus tremula L., Quercus robur L., Salix caprea L. and Tilia cordata Mill. Species-specific values of foliar [ABA] were negatively related to the mean values of gs, si, L and light- and CO2- saturated net photosynthesis (P(max)), thus providing strong correlative evidence of a scaling of foliar gas exchange and hydraulic characteristics with leaf endogenous [ABA]. In addition, we suggest that mean gs, si, L and Pmax for mature leaves may partly be determined by the species-specific [ABA] during leaf growth. The most drought-intolerant species had the lowest [ABA] and the highest gs, suggesting that interspecific differences in [ABA] may be linked to differences in species-specific water-use efficiency. Application of high concentrations of exogenous ABA led to large decreases in gs, si and P(max), further underscoring the direct role of ABA in regulating stomatal opening and photosynthetic rate. Exogenous ABA also decreased L, but the decreases were considerably smaller than the decreases in gs, si and Pmax. Thus, exogenous ABA predominantly affected the stomata directly, but modification of L by ABA may also be an important mechanism of ABA action. We conclude that interspecific variability in endogenous [ABA] during foliage growth and in mature leaves provides an important factor explaining observed differences in L, gs, si and Pmax among temperate deciduous tree species. 相似文献
4.
Competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers,ferric iron reducers,sulfate reducers,and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Slurries of anoxic paddy soil were either freshly prepared or were partially depleted in endogenous electron donors by prolonged incubation under anaerobic conditions. Endogenous NO
3
–
was reduced within 4 h, followed by reduction of Fe3+ and SO
4
2–
, and later by production of CH4. Addition of NO
3
–
slightly inhibited the production of Fe2+ in the depleted but not in the fresh paddy soil. Inhibition was overcome by the addition of H2, acetate, or a mixture of fatty acids (and other compounds), indicating that these compounds served as electron donors for the bacteria reducing NO
3
–
and/or ferric iron. Addition on NO
3
–
also inhibited the reduction of SO
4
2–
in the depleted paddy soil. This inhibition was only overcome by H2, but not by acetate or a mixture of compounds, indicating that H2 was the predominant electron donor for the bacteria involved in NO
3
–
and/or SO
4
2–
reduction. SO
4
2–
reduction was also inhibited by exogenous Fe3+, but only in the depleted paddy soil. This inhibition was overcome by either H2, acetate, or a mixture of compounds, suggesting that they served as electron donors for reduction of Fe3+ and/or SO
4
2+
. CH4 production was inhibited by NO
3
–
both in depleted and in fresh paddy soil. Fe3+ and SO
4
2–
also inhibited methanogenesis, but the inhibition was stronger in the depleted than in the fresh paddy soil. Inhibition of CH4 production was paralleled by a decrease in the steady state concentration of H2 to a level which provided a free enthalpy of less than G=–17 kJ mol-1 CH4 compared to more than G=–32 kJ mol-1 CH4 in the control. The results indicate that in the presence of exogenous fe3+ or SO
4
2+
, methanogenic bacteria were outcompeted for H2 by bacteria reducing Fe3+ or SO
4
2+
.Deceased on 27 December 1992 相似文献
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Climate trends and global crop production since 1980 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Efforts to anticipate how climate change will affect future food availability can benefit from understanding the impacts of changes to date. We found that in the cropping regions and growing seasons of most countries, with the important exception of the United States, temperature trends from 1980 to 2008 exceeded one standard deviation of historic year-to-year variability. Models that link yields of the four largest commodity crops to weather indicate that global maize and wheat production declined by 3.8 and 5.5%, respectively, relative to a counterfactual without climate trends. For soybeans and rice, winners and losers largely balanced out. Climate trends were large enough in some countries to offset a significant portion of the increases in average yields that arose from technology, carbon dioxide fertilization, and other factors. 相似文献
8.
Recombination of human mitochondrial DNA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kraytsberg Y Schwartz M Brown TA Ebralidse K Kunz WS Clayton DA Vissing J Khrapko K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5673):981
9.
Ruhl M Bonis NR Reichart GJ Sinninghe Damsté JS Kürschner WM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6041):430-434
The end-Triassic mass extinction (~201.4 million years ago), marked by terrestrial ecosystem turnover and up to ~50% loss in marine biodiversity, has been attributed to intensified volcanic activity during the break-up of Pangaea. Here, we present compound-specific carbon-isotope data of long-chain n-alkanes derived from waxes of land plants, showing a ~8.5 per mil negative excursion, coincident with the extinction interval. These data indicate strong carbon-13 depletion of the end-Triassic atmosphere, within only 10,000 to 20,000 years. The magnitude and rate of this carbon-cycle disruption can be explained by the injection of at least ~12 × 10(3) gigatons of isotopically depleted carbon as methane into the atmosphere. Concurrent vegetation changes reflect strong warming and an enhanced hydrological cycle. Hence, end-Triassic events are robustly linked to methane-derived massive carbon release and associated climate change. 相似文献
10.
The influence of the VAM fungi Glomus macrocarpum and G. manihotis on shoot dry weight and P contents in the shoots of various graminaceous species was studied in pot culture experiments. The treatments included fertilization with different rock phosphates, four soil pH levels (pH 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) and four soil temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35°C). The rock phosphate treatments were compared with soluble phosphate (mono calcium phosphate, MCP) and with a check (no P fertilizer, OP). Increases of shoot dry weight up to 143% could be found with mycorrhizal Triticum aestivum using Kodjari rock phosphate as P source. In the presence of VAM, Sorghum bicolor and T. aestivum fertilized with any of the rock phosphates, except Kola, produced yields comparable with those of plants fertilized with MCP, at soil pH 5.5 to 7.5 and at 25°C soil temperature. As the soil pH increased from 5.5 to 7.5 dry weight declined. Likewise, yields decreased with increasing soil temperature and at 35°C VAM showed no effect in all treatments. 相似文献