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Flavor and texture of banana chips dried by combinations of hot air, vacuum, and microwave processing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The behavior of 16 volatile compounds of banana during a combination of air-drying (AD) and vacuum microwave-drying (VMD) of banana chips was characterized. Samples were AD to remove 60, 70, 80, or 90% of moisture (wet basis) and then subjected to VMD to achieve a final moisture content of 3% (dry basis). Banana slices were also dehydrated using only AD, VMD, and freeze-drying (FD) for comparison. Samples that underwent more VMD had significantly lower levels of volatile compounds, which is attributed to the decreased formation of an impermeable solute layer on the surface of the chips. High values for water solubility and relative volatility of compounds correlated with losses during VMD; however, additional factors appear to influence the behavior of compounds during VMD processing. The optimal process of 90%AD/10%VMD yielded crisper banana chips with significantly higher volatile levels and sensory ratings than AD chips. 相似文献
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Armbrust EV Berges JA Bowler C Green BR Martinez D Putnam NH Zhou S Allen AE Apt KE Bechner M Brzezinski MA Chaal BK Chiovitti A Davis AK Demarest MS Detter JC Glavina T Goodstein D Hadi MZ Hellsten U Hildebrand M Jenkins BD Jurka J Kapitonov VV Kröger N Lau WW Lane TW Larimer FW Lippmeier JC Lucas S Medina M Montsant A Obornik M Parker MS Palenik B Pazour GJ Richardson PM Rynearson TA Saito MA Schwartz DC Thamatrakoln K Valentin K Vardi A Wilkerson FP Rokhsar DS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5693):79-86
Diatoms are unicellular algae with plastids acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. They are responsible for approximately 20% of global carbon fixation. We report the 34 million-base pair draft nuclear genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and its 129 thousand-base pair plastid and 44 thousand-base pair mitochondrial genomes. Sequence and optical restriction mapping revealed 24 diploid nuclear chromosomes. We identified novel genes for silicic acid transport and formation of silica-based cell walls, high-affinity iron uptake, biosynthetic enzymes for several types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, use of a range of nitrogenous compounds, and a complete urea cycle, all attributes that allow diatoms to prosper in aquatic environments. 相似文献
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Nicodemus Ndawa Musembi Nicolas Adeya Winnie Wanjiku Murigi 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):419-423
SummaryThis study investigated the effects of auxin sprays on the development of side-shoots in rose (Rosa hybrida L.). The rationale was to prevent or to minimise side-shoot development in a commercially acceptable rose cultivar. Equallyspaced doses (at 0, 15, 30, 45 or 60 mg l–1) of -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied at the equivalent of 100 l ha–1 to roses grown on an inert substrate in a commercial greenhouse, via repeated foliar sprays at 2, 4, or 8 d intervals over 7 weeks. Unattended or hand-pinched plants were used as negative or positive controls, respectively.The interaction between auxin dose and spray interval had a significant (P ≤ 0.001) influence on the number and growth rate of side-shoots on a stem. All auxin doses tested completely prevented side-shoot development on rose stems at a 2 d spray interval. This high efficacy was attributed to prevention of the irreversible phase-change in the regulation of apical dominance. However, the interaction between auxin dose and spray interval significantly (P ≤ 0.001) influenced the occurrence of leaf epinasty, a physiological condition with a negative impact on cut-shoot quality. Bullheads, another undesirable physiological condition, was significantly (P ≤ 0.001) influenced by auxin dose. This novel technology is expected to lower rose production costs. The data obtained in this study demonstrate the interaction between hormonal and developmental signalling in apical dominance. Possible modes of action are discussed. 相似文献
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Oxygen permeabilities (OP) of CO(2)-casein (CO(2)CN), calcium caseinate (CaCN), and acylated casein (AcCN) films were determined as functions of % relative humidity (% RH), temperature, and plasticizer type. Tensile properties and water vapor permeabilities (WVP) were also measured. Plasticizers were glycerol (GLY) or a 3:1 ratio of GLY:poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), a hydrophobic plasticizer. OP of the CO(2)CN:GLY film was almost twice that of films containing either plasticizer at 35% RH, but its OP approached that of the other films at 70% RH. OP and WVP of films plasticized with GLY were greater than that for films plasticized with PPG. Plasticizer type had little impact on the tensile strength of CO(2)CN films while tensile strength of CaCN-GLY:PPG (3:1) films approximately doubled. Results show that structural dissimilarities in the films contribute to differences in OP only under conditions of low RH where the plasticizing effects of water are not significant. 相似文献
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Seamless knitting for making bras is a novel approach. The fitting evaluation of these products remains unknown and there
is limited knowledge about the effects of knitting parameters on the bra tension. This study developed 3 styles of seamless
knitted bras with various loop length and elastic yarn tension based on a 22 full factorial experimental design with one additional centre level. Therefore, a total of 3 × 5= 15 new seamless bra samples
have been knitted. The skin pressure exerted by the new bras was compared with 4 commercial bras including 2 “cut and sewn”
wired bras and 2 seamless knitted bras. Six women subjects of breast size 75B* in our newly developed breast sizing system
were invited to wear all the bra samples. The skin pressure exerted by the bra was measured by the Novel pliance-X pressure
sensors on 11 body positions. The results indicated that newly developed seamless bras showed lower pressure than the commercial
bras, but had a considerably higher pressure at the cup base point. The new seamless bras with the largest loop length presented
the lowest pressure values. Furthermore, empirical equations were established to predict 2 critical pressure points at “apex”
and “side bottom band” from two major knitting parameters. This study provides the new knowledge of seamless knitted bra fitting
and the resulted bra pressure, as well as some guidelines for seamless knitted product design and manufacturing. 相似文献
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Winnie Wangari Wairimu Ian Christoplos Dorothea Hilhorst 《Agriculture and Human Values》2016,33(4):799-812
This paper critically evaluates the transition from crisis to development in northern Uganda from the perspective of agricultural service provision. It contributes to debates on how efforts to link relief to rehabilitation and development may bypass the underlying challenges in linking humanitarian aid to prevailing national development policies and structures. This paper is based on research into agricultural services undertaken in Pader district, northern Uganda, between 2010 and 2012. It studied the interplay between humanitarian interventions and the parallel development of the government’s agricultural departments and services in northern Uganda. The article brings out how Ugandan agricultural policies do not suit the post-conflict realities of northern Uganda. The evolving policies affect power relations and processes of inclusion and exclusion in northern Uganda. As a result, at the time that the government is ready to integrate northern Uganda into the mainstream development of agricultural policy, the gap between addressing humanitarian needs and development has become larger. 相似文献
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Richard Ombui Nyankanga Winnie Wanjiku Murigi Solomon Igosangwa Shibairo 《Potato Research》2018,61(3):283-296
The effect of seven packaging materials (transparent perforated and non-perforated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bags, black perforated and non-perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags, nylon gunny sacks, khaki bags and net bags) on post-harvest quality of tubers from three potato cultivars was evaluated. Data were collected on time and percentage of sprouting, weight loss rates and percentage tubers with greening and rotting. Packaging significantly reduced weight loss and rate of tuber greening but increased the rate of sprouting and decay incidences. Non-perforated PE bags were the most effective in reducing weight losses, recording losses of 0.7 to 0.9% after 32 days in storage while unpackaged tubers had weight losses of 11 to 12%. Tuber rotting was highest (60 to 66% of the tubers) in non-perforated PE bags. Greening was faster in non-packaged tubers recording 55 to 100% after 2 weeks in storage and showed high cultivar differences, but did not occur in black bags, whether perforated or non-perforated. Sprouting was complete by week 3 in all tubers packaged in non-perforated HDPE bags irrespective of cultivar. Although the non-perforated HDPE bag packaging prevented weight loss, its positive effect was counteracted by the high incidence of rotting and sprouting. Amongst the different materials evaluated, perforated low-density black PE bags were the best method for ware potato packaging due to low sprouting, reduced weight loss, low rate of tuber greening and reduced rate of tuber decay compared to other packaging materials. The study also indicated that the interaction between cultivars, packaging and storage period also affected shelf life of ware potatoes under ambient tropical conditions. 相似文献
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Seamless knitting, as a new technology, has a great potential in the development of lingerie products. Bra knitting using
seamless knitting technology is a difficult engineering problem due to the lack of knowledge on how to achieve proper underband
tension and cup strain for optimal comfort and shape. In this study, we aim at identifying the key knitting parameters and
experimentally investigating their relationships with the knitted bra tension. The knitting parameters under investigation
were loop density, elastic yarn tension, cover yarn tension and nylon yarn tension. Factorial experimental design was used
to explore the most significant factors affecting the underband tension and cup strain of seamless knitted bra. The results
show that the loop density and elastic yarn tension were the two main factors affecting the underband tension. The cup strain
was mainly affected by the loop density. Empirical prediction equations have been established to estimate the underband tension
and cup strain from knitting parameters. 相似文献