Natural and experimental infection of rodents (Rattus norvegicus) with Salmonella gallinarum]

Thirty five (35) rats (Rattus norvegicus) were trapped in the area of four egg producing poultry farms and were examined for Salmonella spp., micro-biologically. The samples were taken from liver, spleen and intestinal content. Cultures were made directly in MacConkey Agar, in Selenite broth and Rappaport Vassiliadis at 37 degrees C and 43 degrees C. Five strains of S. gallinarum and one strain of Salmonella subgroup II were isolated from the intestinal content of six rats. An experimental study was also carried out. Ten rats Rattus norvegicus were trapped near poultry farms of N. Greece. No Salmonella could be detected in their feces when examined three times by the Selenite 37 degrees C and Rappaport-Vassiliadis 37 degrees C methods. The rats were orally infected with an 18 hours culture of S. gallinarum (1 x 10(9)/ml microorganisms). One hundred and sixty samples of feces were periodically collected and examined for the isolation of the microorganism by the methods mentioned above. Although not any clinical sign of a disease was noticed, S. gallinarum was isolated from their feces up to 121 days post infection.     

Salmonella infection sources in poultry flocks in northern Greece]

From 10 egg production poultry farms 1516 samples were collected and examined for the presence of salmonella. The samples were: 201 chicken, 36 sparrows, 35 rats, 35 pools of 20 flies each, 450 eggs, 60 mattresses, 188 feces, 425 feedstuffs and 86 water samples. Salmonellae were isolated only from 163 (10.8%) samples. From the 146 (89.6%) of these S. gallinarum was isolated. From the rest 17 (10.4%) the following mobile salmonella strains were isolated: two strains of S. virchow and Salmonella of subgroup II, four strains of S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen, seven strains of S. Livingstone, one S. enteritidis and one S. infantis The S. gallinarum was isolated from dead or sick chicken (46%), eggs (10.4%), rats Rattus norvegicus (14.3%) and mattresses 1.6%. The mobile salmonellae were isolated from feedstuffs (2%), flies (14.3%), rats (2.8%), feces (1%). From the present study, it seems that rats, chicken and eggs are important for the salmonella dissemination.     

FAO农场动物福利对联合国可持续发展目标的作用

正一、粮农组织粮农组织,即联合国粮食及农业组织,他们的目标是引进国际的组织来战胜饥饿。粮农组织是1945年在华盛顿特区成立的,之后又搬迁到了罗马、意大利。粮农组织的足迹遍布全球,在全球范围内一共有5个办事处,有11个次区域,6个联系处,还有6个伙伴关系和临时处。粮农组织在全球有94个国家办事处,197个会员,在全球范围内有4 000多个员工,2017年的总预算大约是26     

Nepheliosyne B,a New Polyacetylenic Acid from the New Caledonian Marine Sponge Niphates sp

A new C₄₇ polyoxygenated acetylenic acid, nepheliosyne B (2), along with the previously described nepheliosyne A (1), have been isolated from the New Caledonian marine sponge Niphates sp. Their structures have been elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. These metabolites exhibited a moderate cytotoxicity against K562, U266, SKM1, and Kasumi cancer cell lines.     

The γδ cells as marker of non-seroconverted cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

Early diagnosis of MAP infection is a pressing need to enable efficient intervention with the spread of MAP infection in herds. Hence, study of lymphocyte subsets and their expressed adhesion molecules could contribute in defining a distinct diagnostic marker (or markers) at the subclinical period of the infection that could in turn facilitate the development of effective diagnostic approach. In accordance with this objective, milk and blood samples were collected from two groups of cattle naturally infected with MAP and their corresponding negative controls. Group (C) comprised 3-4 year-old ELISA negative/PCR positive-cattle that were considered as subclinical seronegative low shedder group (early stage). Group (A) included 6-8 year-old ELISA positive-cattle, which were considered as a clinical seropositive group (late stage). Flow cytometry of B cells, CD8⁺, CD4⁺ and γδ cells and the adhesion molecules CD44⁺, CD62L, LFA-1 and LPAM-1 indicated increase in CD4⁺ and B cells levels, with higher levels in blood than milk of group A, and significant expression of CD44⁺ in blood and milk and LPAM-1 in blood only. The CD8⁺ cells count in milk was higher than blood in the late stage. The peculiar feature of the early stage (group C) was the high level of γδ cells in the blood and milk, with tendency to express high level of CD62L. Compelling evidence could support the assumption that the dominant γδ cells at early stage of MAP infection could be of CD8CD2⁻WC+1⁺ phenotype. γδ cells appear as promising markers in defining early changes of MAP infection due to their important role in priming innate and cell mediated immunity. Possible utilization of these peculiar changes in the γδ cells level in the early diagnosis of MAP infection should be the subject of further research.     

Seed Oil Quantity and Fatty Acid Composition of Different Sea Buckthorn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippophae Rhamnoides</Emphasis> L.) Wild Populations in Iran

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a valuable multipurpose medicinal plant belonging to Elaeagnaceae family. In this study, oil content and fatty acid composition of seed oil from 20 sea buckthorn wild populations of Iran were evaluated in 2014 and 2015. Oil extraction was done using n-hexane solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus and then GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was performed. The highest and lowest amount of seed oil content in two years were obtained from Sarein and Kejel populations, respectively (3.88 to 8.63% in 2014 and from 4.07 to 9.66% in 2015). Importance of seed oil is related to it’s highly amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Maximum content of oleic acid cis were existed in Kelavenga (21.19%) on 2014. The highest value of oleic acid trans were related to Shahrestanak (6.34%) in 2015. Maximum content of linoleic acid in 2014 were existed in Baladeh (42.03%) on 2015. The highest linolenic acid content were obtained from Dehdar (30.73%) in 2014. Factor analysis based on PCA revealed, first three components (PC1–PC3) explained 63.86% of the total variation. The first component (PC1) was contributed by some traits such as seed oil percentage, Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid trance and linoleic acid contents with about 29% of total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the populations into four main groups with high diversity. Wide range of variation across the sea buckthorn populations in seed oil traits could be exploited for selection of suitable genotypes to improvement and commercial exploitation of this plant.     

The nutritive value of new and traditional sorghum and millet foods from Sudan

In the present study was examined the nutritive value of different sorghum and millet based baby foods. Different types of kisra, some fortified with chickpeas or peanuts, were also included in the study. Finally was compared the influence of replacing wheat bran with sorghum bran in bread. The nutritive value was assessed by chemical analyses and by rat balance studies. The addition of chickpea and peanuts improved the quality of kisra a staple food of Sudan. This type of kisra can be used as a well-balanced food for infants above the age of one year. The baby food developed from sorghum/millet malt, milk powder and processed by drum drier provides a safe level of protein for children above the age of one month. This formulation and way of processing is well suited for commercial production of sorghum/millet based baby food. Based on the results of the present investigation it is recommended that the use of brown bread for infants should not exceed ten percent wheat or sorghum bran as it affects the digestibility in a negative way.