Complementarity among sampling methods for harvestman assemblages

Tropical arthropod surveys generally use a combination of complementary sampling methods to increase the detection of species and individuals, and to decrease the number of singletons. However, given the high arthropod abundance and the taxonomic challenges of arthropod surveys, the combination of different sampling methods may be inefficient and may increase survey costs. Harvestmen were sampled using beating tray, nocturnal search, leaf-litter manual sorting and Winkler apparatus in 70 plots distributed in two areas in Central Amazonia. Every sampled method documented different assemblages, and only the nocturnal search method proved to be efficient in representing both harvestmen richness and composition. Given the data collected from leaf-litter manual sorting, Winkler apparatus and beating tray can be used in inventories to increase the number of species collected, but may be less useful for applied or monitoring studies. Although pooling data from three methods was effective to obtain an overview of species richness, it may not be the more efficient strategy for studies of assemblage associations with environmental variables. As each method may sample distinct assemblages that have different responses to the surrounding environment, pooling data from these different methods may obfuscate patterns of assemblage composition related to environmental factors instead of clarifying them.