饲用微生物的高密度培养

高密度培养(HCDC,highcelldensityculture)以其优越性在发酵生产上得到了广泛的应用。它能获得高的产率,降低生产成本,从而提高产品在市场上的竞争力。将高密度培养技术用于直接饲用微生物(DFM)的生产中,对于提高发酵水平,更好地满足市场需求,具有重要的意义。     

The effects of agricultural fields and human settlements on the use of rivers by wildlife in the mid-Zambezi valley,Zimbabwe

After the eradication of the Tse-Tse fly in the Mid-Zambezi valley, human settlements and fields extended mainly along the main rivers. In order to investigate the consequences of this human development on wildlife diversity we monitored three rivers of the Mid-Zambezi valley in Zimbabwe: Angwa, Manyame and Kadzi. The rivers were divided in segments of 200 m which were checked for spoors in order to assess the number of species and the number of individuals that used the segments. Human settlements were also recorded. We used a GIS to define the spatial characteristics of the fields present along the rivers, and related them to the distribution and abundance of wild species spoors in the river beds and banks. Our results show that the number of species in one segment of the river decreased with the increasing size of the field area bordering the segment. For all the major ungulate species, the numbers of individuals recorded per segment decreased with increasing field area. A similar trend was observed for small and medium-sized carnivores, though they were in lower numbers when present. Our analyses thus confirm that the extension of human agriculture in wildlife areas has an impact on most wild species, but we also define some threshold value of field size above which there seem to be an acceleration of the decrease in wildlife density and diversity: 3.2 ha for medium and small herbivores and carnivores; only the elephant seem to tolerate larger field area with a threshold value of 32 ha.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Composition and fatty acid profile of milk from cows supplemented with pressed oilseed cake

This study compared the productive and nutritional parameters of milk from crossbred lactating cows managed on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania and with a diet supplemented with different pressed oilseed cakes. The supplements used were as follows: peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake for replacement of soybean meal. Sixteen cows with an average weight of 544 ± 57 kg and producing 8 ± 1.4 L of milk per day were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to the treatments according to a Latin square design repeated over time, with four treatments, 16 animals and four experimental periods. Supplementation of the diet with peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake compared with soybean meal in the diet of cows did not affect the average daily production or composition of the milk. The palm kernel cake promoted an increase in lauric fatty acids (C_12:0) and palmitoleic acids (C_16:1) (5.02 and 1.65%, respectively) compared with peanut cake and sunflower cake (4.13 and 4.01%, respectively). The levels of oleic fatty acids (C_18:1) were higher for the sunflower cake and palm kernel cake supplements (26.01 and 25.01%, respectively) compared with peanut cake (23.11%). The replacement of soybean meal with sunflower cake and palm kernel cake improved the nutritional quality of the milk, with lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids and higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, without compromising the production or nutritional composition of the milk. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Skull size and shape variation in Psammomys spp. (Rodentia,Gerbillinae) from Tunisia,with emphasis on the impact of allometric variation on species recognition

In Tunisia both Psammomys obesus and P. vexillaris are found. These taxa have been the subject of taxonomic controversy for some time, due to variability in the classical morphological characters used for taxonomic recognition. In this study we investigated skull size and shape variation in the genus Psammomys by using geometric morphometrics to evaluate the extent of intra- and interspecific shape variation and explicitly tested for the impact of allometric shape variation on species discrimination. Eleven populations of the two species from 10 localities in Tunisia were studied. Statistical analyses of size and shape showed large size variation within P. obesus, but no shape differences were revealed among populations of this species. Interspecific analysis revealed that P. vexillaris had the smallest skull. Principal component analysis and Procrustes distances showed good discrimination between the two species after removal of the allometric component of shape variation. The results obtained show that allometric-related shape variation could mask discrimination between the two Psammomys species. This finding might explain the uncertainty in classification of these species in the past. The interspecific allometric-free phenotypic differences observed may be associated with adaptive processes linked to the different environmental and trophic preferences of the two species.     

不同品种紫花苜蓿中总皂苷含量的比较研究

采用比色法测定了北京地区栽培不同年限的45个紫花苜蓿品种茎、叶中总皂苷的含量。结果表明，各品种苜蓿叶片中的皂苷含量均高于茎，在不同品种之间存在明显差异。4年生植株中皂苷含量最高的品种“Vernal”为1.174%，最低的品种“Empress”为0.606%；3年生植株中最高的品种“WL442”为1.141%，最低的品种“农保”为0.788%；2年生植株中最高的品种“胜利者”为1.293%，最低的品种“全能”为0.722%。综合比较，含量最低品种与最高的品种相差2.13倍。栽培年限对紫花苜蓿皂苷含量具有一定影响。     

家庭式微植物工厂监控系统设计

为了解决家庭阳台种植作物过程中湿气重、难控制的问题,提出了家庭式微植物工厂。它是密闭式的,利用智能化控制技术使作物进行自我调节,采用层结构设计及配套环境监测装置。监测系统是以无线传感技术、控制技术和多传感器融合技术为核心;以STM32为核心控制单元;以上位机为终端实时显示系统内环境参数的家庭种植环境监控设备。系统实现了微型植物工厂内部温湿度、光照等多个环境因子的实时显示和精确控制,具有较高的实用性。      

基于ResNet-50深度卷积网络的果树病害智能诊断模型研究

[目的/意义]果树病害危及农业生产安全,运用人工智能技术帮助果农及时准确地识别果树病害对保障农业安全生产具有重要意义.[方法/过程]采用10 000张果树叶片病斑图像数据集,通过旋转、污化、增噪、切割等图像增强手段,提高样本图像的多样性;使用ResNet-50深度卷积网络模型,进行机器学习,获得果树病害识别模型,并基于...     

基于双目立体视觉的重叠柑橘空间定位

果实的精准识别和定位是智能采摘面临的难题之一。基于双目立体视觉,提出了一种针对户外重叠柑橘的三维空间定位方法。首先,从双目左右图像中提取重叠柑橘果实轮廓并进行高斯平滑,通过曲率分析,找出异常的轮廓像素点;其次,依次连接相邻两个异常像素点,分析该线段上的像素点到柑橘轮廓的距离,在相邻两正常线段的交点处完成重叠柑橘轮廓分割,并通过寻找异常线段剔除对应的非柑橘轮廓像素点;再者,采用最小二乘椭圆拟合方法重建柑橘目标轮廓,并获取柑橘的中心;最后,根据双目极线约束和图像相似度,对重叠柑橘中心点进行匹配,并基于视差原理计算柑橘中心的深度值及三维空间坐标,确定重叠柑橘的遮挡关系。户外实验结果表明,所提出的方法定位误差为6.38 mm,满足柑橘采摘机器人户外采摘作业的定位精度要求。     

秸秆复合有机酿热物对大棚土壤环境的影响

为解决黑龙江省早春大棚土壤温度低及设施土壤环境恶化问题,以‘千禧’番茄为材料,研究秸秆+牛粪(NGH)、秸秆+马粪(MGH)、秸秆+羊粪(YGH)、单一秸秆(JG),以未进行反应堆技术为对照(CK),对早春大棚‘千禧’番茄土壤温度、土壤理化性状、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤温度、土壤EC、碱解氮、速效钾、有机质含量及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。经过秸秆生物反应堆处理的20 cm土层温度有明显的提升,其中秸秆+羊粪处理在反应启动后提升土壤温度效果最好;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理提高了土壤速效磷含量,是对照的2倍;秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理土壤中4种酶活性均处于最高水平,分别比对照提高了91.9%、220%、18.5%、7.3%。各处理微生物多样性指数均显著高于对照,变化规律一致为秸秆+羊粪(YGH)>秸秆+牛粪(NGH)>秸秆+马粪(MGH)>秸秆(JG)>对照(CK);秸秆+羊粪(YGH)及秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理对糖类、氨基酸类、酯类、醇类、胺类、酸类6类碳源的利用能力最强,显著高于其他处理和对照。应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法将大棚番茄土壤分为4个等级,秸秆+羊粪(YGH)处理为第一级,秸秆+牛粪(NGH)处理为第二级,秸秆+马粪(MGH)及单一秸秆(JG)处理为第三级,对照(CK)为第四级。应用秸秆复合有机酿热物生物反应堆促进了土壤环境的改善,以秸秆+羊粪(YGH)作为复合有机酿热物效果最佳。     

白斑狗鱼仔、稚鱼的摄食与生长

对白斑狗鱼(Esox luciusL innaeus)的仔、稚鱼的摄食与生长及不可逆点作了实验研究。结果证明:初孵仔鱼全长7.74±0.56 mm,卵黄囊容量3.81±1.07 mm3。孵化8 d仔鱼开始摄食,以桡足类的剑水蚤为主。11 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,在仔鱼卵黄囊逐渐被吸收的11 d内,前7 d营内源性营养,后4 d则营混合性营养。17 d内平均日增长率为7.14%。仔鱼全长(L)与日龄(t)的关系为:L=1.0547t 5.8927。孵化后的第8、9、10、11、12、13天的初次摄食率分别为91.30%、100%、100%、100%、69.57%和35.48%;不可逆点(PNR)发生在孵化后的第13天。