Preparation of monoclonal antibody against celangulin V and immunolocalization of receptor in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The botanical insecticide celangulin V (CA-V) is an insect digestive poison acting on midgut tissue of the target insect larvae. With the aim of localizing the receptor enacted by CA-V, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the compound were developed. A hapten was synthesized by introducing a succinoyl into the CA-V structure and conjugated with three carrier proteins. From mice immunized with one conjugate, three MAbs were obtained with a potential capacity of detecting protein-bound residue forms of CA-V in the biological tissues. The oriental armyworm larvae ingested CA-V were examined by the technique of immuno-electron-microscopy (IEM) using the anti-CA-V MAb as the primary antibody and goat anti-mouse/IgG labeled with colloidal gold as the secondary antibody. Electron micrographs of the armyworm midgut tissues showed that the CA-V was associated with the midgut epithelia of the insects. These results demonstrated the existence of a receptor enacted by CA-V on the midgut cells of the oriental armyworm larvae.     

膜下滴灌棉花产量和品质与作物缺水指标的关系研究

通过田间试验,研究了膜下滴灌棉花的作物产量、品质和作物缺水指标(CWSI)定量关系。确定了充分供水条件下作物各生育阶段缺水指标下基线的特定表达形式,建立了作物缺水指标(CWSI)和空气饱和差(VPD)的定量关系,并提出了用CWSI诊断作物水分状况的适用性及最佳观测时间。对不同水分处理棉花的CWSI在生育期内进行了定期观测,得到了各处理棉花CWSI的平均值以及与棉花耗水量、皮棉产量、水分利用效率、绒长、衣分率及单铃重的关系。结果表明,除衣分率外,其余指标最优值对应的CWSI值在0.4左右。因此,可利用作物缺水指标对膜下滴灌棉花进行高效的水分管理。     

Effects of biochar application on phreatic water evaporation and water-salt distribution in coastal saline soil

A 35-day simulated evaporation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar application on phreatic water evaporation and water-salt distribution in coastal saline soil. Three biochar rates (0, 1%, and 5%; w/w) were applied to 65-cm-long soil columns. Results showed that applying the low biochar application rate effectively inhibited soil water evaporation. The 1% biochar treatment resulted in 4.4% lower cumulative soil water evaporation compared with the control, while it caused salt accumulation in the surface soil. By contrast, the high biochar application rate had little effect on cumulative soil water evaporation. Nonetheless, the 5% biochar treatment significantly increased the soil water-holding capacity while decreasing sodium adsorption ratio and salinity in the surface soil. In conclusion, applying a higher biochar rate (e.g., 5%) could improve salt water-distribution in the coastal saline soil under the experimental conditions.     

地表滴灌土壤湿润体特征值的经验解

粘壤土地表点源入渗试验研究表明 ,其土壤湿润体形状近似为半椭球体 ,水平和竖直方向的最大入渗距离与入渗时间存在极显著的幂函数关系。湿润体体积和灌水量之间存在显著的线性关系 ,在2～ 4Lh-1的滴头流量范围内 ,灌水量相同时不同流量滴头对应的湿润体体积的最大差异保持在 5 %以内。地表点源入渗过程中 ,土壤湿润体内平均体积含水率的增量和入渗时间、滴头流量无关保持为一定值 ,在本研究条件下为 0 32 6。综合以上结果 ,提出了预测地表滴灌入渗土壤湿润体特征值的经验解模型     

沙漠绿洲灌区膜下滴灌作物需水量及作物系数研究

根据 2001年甘肃民勤小坝口灌溉试验站自动气象站观测的气象资料，依据FAO Penman—Monteith公式计算出作物生育期内参考作物蒸发蒸腾量，结合实测的充分供水条件下作物耗水量，对膜下滴灌条件下大田作物的需水规律和作物系数进行了研究。确定了该地区膜下滴灌棉花和玉米各个生育阶段的作物系数，并建立了作物系数和有效积温及播种后天数的函数关系。该结果为该沙漠绿洲灌区膜下滴灌条件下棉花、玉米的水分管理提供了科学依据。     

基于CWSI和土壤水分修正系数的冬小麦田土壤含水量估算

2000年10月～2001年7月在西北农林科技大学灌溉实验站冬小麦田内,进行了利用作物冠层温度定量估算冬小麦田土壤含水量的试验研究。根据水分亏缺条件下作物蒸发蒸腾量计算公式及作物水分胁迫指标(CWSI)的定义,得到了基于CWSI和土壤水分修正系数Ks的不同生育阶段冬小麦田土壤含水量估算公式,其中Ks采用了康绍忠的幂函数形式(KM)及Dooreboos的线性公式(DM)。用该公式对冬小麦田土壤含水量在4个生育阶段进行了估算,并对估算值和实测值进行对比和误差分析。分析结果表明:在出苗越冬期和越冬返青期KM和DM模型对土壤水分的估算偏高,其原因是由于麦田土地裸露导致CWSI观测中出现了较大误差;在返青抽穗开花期和灌浆成熟期KM模型估算冬小麦根层土壤含水量较适宜,误差在15%以内,DM模型误差较大达到30%。     

龙爪槐树干液流相对于气象因子的滞后效应分析

植物蒸腾在土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)水热传输过程中发挥重要作用,一直是农学、林学、气象学、水文学、生态学等众多学科及领域共同关注的重要课题之一.随着水资源紧缺及水质恶化问题的严重化,蒸腾问题已引起国际社会的广泛关注(孟平等,2005).     

红外遥感估算春小麦农田土壤含水率的试验研究

根据水分亏缺条件下作物蒸发蒸腾量计算公式及作物水分胁迫指标CWSI(Crop Water Stress Index)的定义,提出了基于遥感作物冠层温度和土壤水分修正系数的春小麦田土壤含水率估算公式,其中土壤水分修正系数采用了幂函数形式。用该公式对春小麦田土壤含水率在分蘖后-拔节抽穗期、抽穗开花-灌浆期和乳熟-黄熟期3个生育阶段进行了估算,并对估算值和实测值进行对比和误差分析,结果表明该模型估算春小麦根层土壤含水率误差保持在18%以内。     

Effect of biochar amendment on water infiltration in a coastal saline soil

Purpose

Increasing data have shown that biochar amendment can improve soil fertility and crop production, but there is little knowledge about whether biochar amendment can improve water infiltration in saline soils. We hypothesized that biochar amendment could promote water infiltration in saline soil. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of biochar amendment on water infiltration and find the suitable amendment rate and particle size of biochar as a saline soil conditioner.

Materials and methods

We measured water infiltration parameters in a coastal saline soil (silty loam) amended with non-sieved biochar at different rates (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10%, w/w) or sieved biochar of different particle sizes (≤?0.25 mm, 0.25–1 mm, and 1–2 mm) at 1 and 10% (w/w).

Results and discussion

Compared with the control, amending non-sieved biochar at 10% significantly decreased water infiltration into the saline soil (P?<?0.05). In contrast, sieved biochar of ≤?0.25 mm significantly improved water infiltration capacity, irrespective of the amendment rate. Sieved biochar of 1–2 mm was less effective to improve soil porosity and when amended at 10%, it even reduced the water infiltration capacity. The Philip model (R²?=?0.983–0.999) had a better goodness-of-fit than the Green-Ampt model (R²?=?0.506–0.923) for simulation of cumulative infiltration.

Conclusions

Amending biochar sieved to a small particle size improved water infiltration capacity of the coastal saline soil compared with non-sieved biochar irrespective of the amendment rate. This study contributes toward improving the hydrological property of coastal saline soil and rationally applying biochar in the field.

     

Can the increase of irrigation frequency improve the rate of water and salt migration in biochar-amended saline soil?

Journal of Soils and Sediments - It is difficult to leach salt into the deep layers of saline or sodic soils due to their poor permeability. The frequency of irrigation is a major factor affecting...