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da Cruz Francisco J Danielsson B Kozubek A Dey ES 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(19):7432-7437
Process parameter optimization for the supercritical CO(2) extraction of rye bran to obtain alkylresorcinols (AR) was studied by carrying out a two-level fractional design experiment. Four parameters, temperature, CO(2) flow rate, cosolvent percentage, and extraction time, presumed to influence the extraction process, were analyzed. A tentative fractionation of the crude extract was also carried out and is discussed. The best extracts were achieved when the CO(2) flow rate and extraction time or temperature and cosolvent addition were kept high. It was found that temperature increase was not statistically significant within the range of the study performed, and the extraction time was thus the most important factor. A preliminary fractionation process in two cyclone separators yielded two fractions, one rich in AR components with higher molecular weights and the other rich in AR components with low molecular weight. 相似文献
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Philip JY Da Cruz Francisco J Dey ES Buchweishaija J Mkayula LL Ye L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(20):9350-9354
Solvent extracted cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), conventionally known as natural CNSL, is a mixture of several alkenyl phenols. One of these alkenyl phenols is anacardic acid, which is present at the highest concentration. In view of anticipated industrial applications of anacardic acid, the objective of this work was to isolate anacardic acid from natural CNSL by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2). In this study, the solubility data for natural CNSL in scCO 2 under a range of operating conditions of pressure (100, 200, and 300 bar), temperature (40 and 50 degrees C), and CO 2 flow rate (5, 10, and 15 g min (-1)) were established. The best scCO 2 working conditions were found to be 50 degrees C and 300 bar at a flow rate of 5 g min (-1) CO 2. Using 3 g of sample (CNSL/solid adsorbent = 1/2) under these scCO 2 conditions, it was possible to quantitatively isolate high purity anacardic acid from crude natural CNSL (82% of total anacardic acid) within 150 min. The anacardic acid isolated by scCO 2 was analyzed by different spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, FT-IR, and (1)H NMR) and HPLC analysis, indicating that the anacardic acid isolated by scCO 2 has better quality than that obtained through a conventional method involving several chemical conversion steps. 相似文献
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We report on the in situ synthesis and stabilization of manganese dioxide (MnO2) onto four different silk yarns (mulberry, tasar, muga and eri silks). A new ultrasound-assisted procedure was used to reduce permanganate (MnO4 ?) and yielded MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on/in the different silk fibers. Using a factorial design we assessed the influence of the silk type, manganese precursor concentration, sonication time, and temperature. The results indicated no measurable effect of the process parameters on the silk structures, but significant correlation with the rate of degradation of methylene blue (MB) and the fraction of permanganate consumed. Further optimization of the factorial model identified the optimal process conditions for each silks: mulberry (150 min sonication, 20 mM permanganate), eri (360 min, 10 mM), tasar (150 min, 10 mM) and Muga (20 min, 10 mM). The operational stability (successive catalysis) of the optimum hybrids showed good performance over 5 cycles and most importantly reduced direct dye absorption relatively to dye oxidation. Overall, we found that all silks could template the formation and stabilization of different MnO2 polymorphs and yielded catalytic instead of stoichiometric hybrid fibers. 相似文献
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Schipper J Chanson JS Chiozza F Cox NA Hoffmann M Katariya V Lamoreux J Rodrigues AS Stuart SN Temple HJ Baillie J Boitani L Lacher TE Mittermeier RA Smith AT Absolon D Aguiar JM Amori G Bakkour N Baldi R Berridge RJ Bielby J Black PA Blanc JJ Brooks TM Burton JA Butynski TM Catullo G Chapman R Cokeliss Z Collen B Conroy J Cooke JG da Fonseca GA Derocher AE Dublin HT Duckworth JW Emmons L Emslie RH Festa-Bianchet M Foster M Foster S Garshelis DL Gates C Gimenez-Dixon M Gonzalez S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5899):225-230
Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action. 相似文献
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John Lester Viscara PIDE Nolissa Delmo ORGANO Andre Freire CRUZ Lilia M. FERNANDO Lucille C. VILLEGAS Evelyn F. DELFIN Michelle Ann Magat CALUBAQUIB Roselle Estera MADAYAG Erlinda S. PATERNO 《土壤圈》2023,33(5):765-775
Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has been expanded to improve crop production. The impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on factors that influence the survival and function of beneficial microorganisms is a less studied aspect that needs to be better understood. Only a few studies have assessed the effects of NMs on beneficial soil microorganisms. This study was conducted to assess the effects of nanofertilizer FertiGroe?N (FG-N) and nano-plant hormone HormoGroe?auxin (... 相似文献
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