采后黄瓜在冷驯化处理过程中的转录组变化

采后黄瓜是冷敏性果菜类蔬菜,在低温贮藏时易发生冷害。前期研究结果表明,冷驯化处理通过诱导采后黄瓜耐冷性,减少冷害发生。为探究冷驯化处理诱导的转录组学变化,以采后黄瓜为试材,分析冷驯化处理期间的转录组变化。与贮藏前（0 h）相比,在冷驯化处理12 h和72 h时,分别鉴定到1 870和3 550个差异表达基因。基因表达验证结果表明,RT-qPCR和转录组结果高度一致,证明转录组测序数据的准确性和可靠性。GO富集分析结果显示,冷驯化处理诱导的差异表达基因主要富集在氧化还原过程、细胞膜组分和转录因子活性3个GO途径中,表明冷驯化处理通过调节细胞膜组分、细胞内氧化还原状态,增强冷藏黄瓜耐冷性。进一步分析发现,104个转录因子基因响应冷驯化低温,差异表达的转录因子主要是ERF、bZIP、WRKY和HSF家族,表明转录因子介导的转录调控在冷驯化诱导的耐冷性中发挥重要作用。研究结果为采后黄瓜诱导耐冷性提供了新见解,有助于加深对冷驯化诱导耐冷性分子机理的认识,为耐冷黄瓜培育提供了重要基因资源。     

Feasibility of soil washing agents to remove fluoride and risk assessment of fluoride-contaminated soils

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The objectives of this study are to find the most suitable soil washing agent and the optimal concentration for fluoride removal and to further provide insights...     

AOS1 基因克隆及其在鲜切芋头褐变中的表达模式分析

【目的】鲜切芋头即使在低温条件下贮藏,贮藏期间仍会出现变黄变褐的现象,严重影响鲜切芋头的商品性。从鲜切芋头中克隆丙二烯氧化物合成酶（Allene oxide synthase, AOS）基因 AOS1,并分析其表达与鲜切芋头褐变的关系,鉴定鲜切芋头褐变过程中的重要功能基因,为鲜切芋头褐变机制研究提供参考。【方法】以鲜切芋头 cDNA 为模板,采用 RT-PCR 法克隆 AOS1 基因编码序列（Coding sequence, CDS）;采用荧光定量 PCR 法分析鲜切芋头褐变过程中 AOS1 表达情况,利用转录组测序数据分析外源褐变抑制剂处理对 AOS1表达的影响,并分析 AOS1 启动子序列。【结果】20 ℃条件下,鲜切芋头贮藏 24 h 切面出现明显的变黄变褐症状,而 4 ℃下贮藏 12 d 才出现明显的褐变症状,表明贮藏温度是影响鲜切芋头褐变进程的重要因素,低温贮藏可有效抑制鲜切芋头褐变。芋头 AOS1 基因的 CDS 全长为 1 560 bp,编码 519 个氨基酸残基;AOS1 基因编码蛋白质的分子量为 57.63 kD,等电点为 8.68,定位在叶绿体。植物 AOS1 蛋白序列相似性较低,芋头 AOS1 与番茄AOS1、拟南芥 AOS1 蛋白的亲缘较远,但天南星科植物 AOS1 蛋白的序列同源性较高。芋头 AOS1 启动子中含有许多植物激素和逆境响应元件,AOS1 表达在鲜切处理后显著上调,表明切分处理诱导了 AOS1 的表达。随着鲜切芋头褐变进展,AOS1 表达量逐渐增加,外源乙醇酸和香草酸处理 AOS1 表达显著下调,表明 AOS1 表达与鲜切芋头褐变有关。【结论】鲜切芋头褐变与 AOS1 表达具有明显正相关性,切分去皮等处理可能通过诱导 AOS1表达促进鲜切芋头褐变。     

油料作物种子中神经酸含量提升研究进展

神经酸（NA）是一种超长链单不饱和脂肪酸,为大脑神经纤维髓鞘的核心成分,具有修复受损大脑神经纤维、促进神经细胞再生等功能。因此,NA受到越来越多的研究和关注。目前NA主要依赖于从天然物种中提取,难以满足市场需要,限制其进一步发展和应用。近年来,随着基因工程以及合成生物学的发展,通过多基因策略,在现有物种中构建NA代谢路径,可经济且可持续地获得NA,以满足营养、制药和化学工业等领域的需求。本文综述了NA的生物功能、生物来源、合成途径,并比较了基因工程生产NA各底盘的优劣,进一步探讨了十字花科油料作物底盘生产富含NA种子油的影响因素,以期为将来通过转基因技术和分子育种调控NA的生产,获得可再生的NA资源提供一定的思路和策略。     

花培晚粳890的农艺性状及其栽培技术研究

应用细胞工程技术培育而成的晚粳新品系８９０，通过五年的多点试验、示范种植，结果显示：熟期适中，高产、优质，适应性强。总结出适时播种、培育壮秧、合理密植、科学施肥、加强水浆管理等高产栽培技术，为该稻在沿江和江南地区种植提供科学依据。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下对合成生物学的监管

2020年10月17日,全国人大常委会通过了《中华人民共和国生物安全法》（简称《生物安全法》）并自2021年4月15日起施行。《生物安全法》是我国第一部生物安全领域的带有基础性、全局性的框架法,只规定基本的原则和要求。生物技术的研究与应用安全、病原微生物实验室生物安全、防范生物恐怖及生物武器威胁是《生物安全法》所涉及的8个方面生物安全风险中的3个主要内容,而合成生物学又与这3个方面紧密相关。合成生物学作为近几年全球的研究热点和颠覆性的前沿生物技术,可以应用于人工合成病毒或细菌,存在制造生物恐怖和生物武器的风险及威胁,其监管也备受关注。本文首先阐述了《生物安全法》的实施对生物技术安全发展的意义,然后介绍了合成生物学的定义和发展现状,并分析了合成生物学面临的生态安全、生物防御和生物伦理三大风险,综述了合成生物学在各国的监管现状,指出《生物安全法》的出台为我国合成生物学的管理制定了框架,最后,提出在法律层面和技术层面如何更好地加强合成生物学风险的预防及管控。     

Observations on soil and groundwater contamination with nitrate: A case study from Lebanon-East Mediterranean

The impact of agricultural practices on soil-groundwater quality in the sub-humid Bekaa plain of Lebanon-East Mediterranean was monitored in four fields (F) between July 2007 and July 2009. These were occupied by continuous mint (F1), summer potato/wheat/potato (F2), lettuce/lettuce/potato/wheat/summer potato (F3) and table grapes (F4). N input calculated on a two-year basis, was in the following ascending order F4, F2, F3 and F1. Soil samples, analyzed down to 200 cm depth, showed high nitrate and chloride concentrations at the end of the 2007 and 2008 seasons. Soil chloride and nitrate peaks recorded in October 2007 and 2008 disappeared below 200 cm overwinter. The calculated N biannual discharge ranged from 130 (F4), to 516 (F2), to 778 (F1), to 879 kg ha⁻¹ (F3). Groundwater quality was studied in 21 wells distributed along a sequence stretching from the Litani River to the eastern water dividing line. Based on the nitrate concentrations, the well located at the top of the water dividing line was the only one suitable for drinking purposes. Eight wells were mildly contaminated, therefore suitable for irrigation purposes except for sensitive crops. Twelve wells, positioned in the plain, showed a nitrate level exceeding 200 mg L⁻¹. Protecting the soil and groundwater quality is a top priority to maintain the ecological and agricultural functions of water.     

LAND RESOURCES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN: STATUS,PRESSURES, TRENDS AND IMPACTS ON FUTURE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The Mediterranean region covers about 854 million ha, but only 118 million (or 14 per cent) are suitable for agricultural production. In North Africa and the Middle East (MENA), agricultural land covers about 5 per cent; in Egypt and Algeria, it occupies less than 4 per cent and, in Libya, less than 2 per cent of the total national land area. Across the Mediterranean region land use divides between natural pastures/rangelands (ca. 15 per cent), forests and woodlands (ca. 8 per cent), with the ca. 63 per cent remaining desert sands, shallow, rocky, saline, sodic soils and areas effectively sealed by urbanisation. Land degradation is a severe problem in most Mediterranean countries. Estimates for the period 1961 to 2020 show that although the Mediterranean population is likely to more than double, ca. 8.3 million ha of agricultural land (7 per cent) may be lost as a result of continued urbanisation and land degradation. If these estimates are correct, agricultural land per capita would more than halve from ca. 0.48 ha (1961) to ca. 0.21 ha in 2020. Food security is likely to become increasingly problematic, especially in the MENA countries, which require a major reassessment of their agricultural development policy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the effects of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) in broiler diets

Cereal grains such as maize and wheat are used extensively in feed formulations for poultry as the primary source of carbohydrates. High cost of these grains in many developing countries necessitates the evaluation of other ingredients that are grown locally. Sweet potato is one such crop. The study was conducted as a proof of concept experiment to test the hypothesis that in the presence and absence of enzyme, sweet potato roots when included in diets of broiler chickens may affect the total metabolisable energy content of the diets which may exert certain influences on dry matter digestibility of these diets as well as impacting on production and certain gut parameters. A total of 120 chicks were raised on a commercial starter feed from day 0 to 19. On day 22, the birds were individually weighed and allocated to 96 single bird metabolism cages to conduct a 7‐day classical apparent metabolisable energy (AME) assay. The test diets contained 0% and 25% sweet potato flour (SPF) with and without enzyme supplementation (Rovabio Excel AP T‐flex) and replicated 24 times. AME of the control diet with and without enzyme was 14.05 and 13.91 MJ/kg whilst the AME of the SPF diets with and without enzymes were 13.45 and 13.43 MJ/kg respectively. AME of SPF was 12.08 MJ/kg. Birds fed the SPF had significantly reduced end weights (p = .002) and weight gains (p < .001) leading to significantly higher intake (p = .004) and FCRs (p < .001) in birds. These effects in growth parameters highlight the need to balance dietary protein and total amino acids when using SPF in broiler diets and may not be a negative effect of SPF per say as AME and dry matter digestibility of SPF diets were comparable to the control diet. The level of sucrase activity in the jejunum was significantly (p < .001) lower due to enzyme inclusion. Use of SPF in the current study did not negatively influence the activities of the brush border enzymes maltase and sucrase, gut morphology in the jejunum of broilers or the load of Enterobacteriaceae in the caecal of birds. This finding is promising in that the gut parameters associated with digestive capacity and gut health were not compromised with feeding of SPF to broilers.