羊IL-1Ra基因全长cDNA克隆及生物信息学分析

试验旨在对羊白介素1受体颉颃因子（interleukin-1 receptor antagonist，IL-1Ra）基因进行全长cDNA克隆及生物学分析。根据布鲁氏菌感染羊白细胞层SSH cDNA文库中的IL-1Ra基因序列信息及已知核苷酸序列（GenBank登录号：KC425613.1）设计引物，利用RT-PCR结合RACE方法扩增并克隆IL-1Ra基因，对其进行序列及相关分子特性分析。结果表明，羊IL-1Ra基因全长为1 228 bp，可编码174个氨基酸，含有1个完整的IL-1保守结构域和1个IL-1Ra结构域（PHA02651结构域）。IL-1Ra分子质量为19 765.8 u，等电点（pI）为5.72，其分子式为C₈₈₅H₁₃₈₅N₂₃₅O₂₅₆S₁₁，且含有信号肽。二级结构分析显示，IL-1Ra分子存在较多的β折叠及受体结合位点，与三级结构预测结果一致，且与人/鼠IL-1Ra分子的空间结构相似度极高，达到90%以上。羊IL-1Ra有IL-1特有的三叶草结构，其酶结合结构域位于TYR⁴⁷至GLU⁶⁶之间。将羊IL-1Ra与牛、虎鲸、宽吻海豚、猪、家犬、人、鼠等14个物种进行蛋白质同源性比对，发现在各物种间存在5个高度同源的半胱氨酸位点。系统进化树分析发现，羊IL-1Ra基因全长cDNA所编码的氨基酸序列同山羊、牛单独形成一个分支。本研究结果为今后深入研究IL-1Ra基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

1株奶牛源松鼠葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为确定奶牛垫料中是否含有病原菌并深入了解垫料中优势生长菌的类型、耐药性及致病性等情况,本试验进行了细菌分离培养、革兰染色镜检、生化试验鉴定、16S rDNA序列分析及同源性比对、药敏试验、小鼠致病性试验。结果显示,分离菌在普通营养琼脂平板上形成圆形、表面光滑的白色菌落,血琼脂平板上形成黏稠、较大的白色菌落。革兰染色镜检结果显示,分离菌为革兰阳性,球型,呈葡萄串状排列,或单个散落。生化试验结果显示,分离菌对木糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、果糖、乳糖、硝酸盐还原等呈阳性反应,而蜜二糖、木糖醇、山梨醇、尿素、V-P反应等呈阴性反应。16S rDNA序列分析结果显示,扩增的16S rDNA序列长度为1 298 bp,与松鼠葡萄球菌的核苷酸同源性达99.85%~100%;系统进化树结果显示,分离菌与松鼠葡萄球菌处于同一分支。动物试验结果表明,分离菌株对试验小鼠有较强的致病性,以0.2 mL/只（7.9×10⁸ CFU/mL）菌液的剂量接种小鼠,在48 h内死亡率为60%（3/5）。药敏特性分析结果显示,分离菌株对复方新诺明、氨苄西林等7种药物敏感,对克林霉素、头孢噻肟和头孢呋辛中度敏感,对青霉素、红霉素和林可霉素耐药。本研究为奶牛源松鼠葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及防控提供了参考依据。     

Effects of water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation on post mortem glycolysis,AMP‐activated protein kinase and meat quality of broilers after transport during summer

Effects of water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation on post mortem glycolysis, adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and meat quality of broilers after transport during summer were investigated in the present paper. A total of 105 mixed‐sex Arbor Acres broilers were divided into three treatment groups: (i) 45 min transport without rest (T); (ii) 45 min transport with 1 h rest (TR); and (iii) 45 min transport with 15 min water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation and 45 min rest (TWFR). Each treatment consisted of five replicates with seven birds each. The results indicated that the water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation could mitigate the stress caused by transport under high temperature conditions during summer, which reduced the energy depletion in post mortem Pectoralis major (PM) muscle. This resulted in a higher energy status compared to the T group, which would decrease the expression of phosphorylation of AMPK (p‐AMPK). Furthermore, decreased the expression of p‐AMPK then slowed down the rate of glycolysis in post mortem PM muscle during the early post mortem period, which in turn lessened the negative effects caused by transport on meat quality. In conclusion, water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation may be a better method to control the incidence of the pale, soft and exudative meat in broilers.     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.     

控释氮肥对玉米生长发育和产量及其效益的影响

为了探讨控释氮肥施用的最佳用量,在大田条件下,试验设6个处理：T1不施氮肥、T2常规施肥（基施）、T3常规尿素（基施+追施）、T4控释尿素100%、T5控释尿素90%、T6控释尿素80%。研究控释氮肥对玉米生长发育和产量及其效益的影响。结果表明：整个生育期控释氮肥处理提高了玉米株高、地上部干物重,且从拔节到成熟期,控释尿素100%、控释尿素90%处理地上部干物重高于普通尿素处理,且控释尿素90%处理最大。控释氮肥合理用量提高了玉米的茎粗、穗粒数,减少了玉米秃尖长度。控释尿素90%处理产量最高,达到8637.6 kg/hm2,与不施氮肥相比产量提高16.7%,与常规施肥（基施）相比产量提高9.5%,差异达到显著水平。从产量和经济效益分析,控释尿素90%:处理是比较理想的肥料用量选择。     

安康市木瓜属3个种果实营养成分测定与分析

对安康市木瓜属3个种（光皮木瓜［C. (Thouin.) Koehne．］、皱皮木瓜［C． speciosa (Sweet.) Nakai．］、毛叶木瓜［C．Cathayensis (Hemsl.) Schneid．］）果实含水量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、粗纤维等主要营养物质进行测定。结果表明：安康市木瓜属3个种果实含水,差异不显著,均超过71%,变异系数小;粗蛋白质差异极显著,皱皮木瓜最大（3.95 g·100 g^-1）,光皮木瓜最小（2.05 g·100 g^-1）;粗脂肪差异极显著,毛叶木瓜最大（0.67 g·100 g^-1）,光皮木瓜最小（0.37 g·100 g^-1）;可滴定酸差异不显著,但变异系数大,毛叶木瓜可滴定酸含量最大（2.82 g·100 g^-1）,光皮木瓜最小（1.84 g·100 g^-1）;可溶性固形物差异显著,光皮木瓜可溶性固形物最大（12.67 g·100 g^-1）,毛叶木瓜最小（8.67 g·100 g^-1）;粗纤维差异极显著,光皮木瓜最大（19.68 g·100 g^-1）,毛叶木瓜最小（1.02 g·100 g^-1）。对安康市木瓜属3个种果实主要营养成分测定分析,为木瓜属植物选育和产品加工提供依据,对木瓜属植物开发利用具有十分重要的意义。     

女贞不同无性系的光合生理特性

利用便携式光合测定仪CIRAS-2,测定了自然条件下的女贞3个无性系光合参数日变化。结果表明：女贞3个无性系的净光合速率日变化呈“双峰”型,C5、C9“午休”出现在11：00,CK稍晚,出现在13：00。利用FMs-2脉冲调制式荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数,女贞3个无性系的Fv／Fm值的日变化表现为“V”型,先下降后上升。用叶绿素测定仪（SPAD-502）测定SPAD值,结果CK〈C5〈C9,说明CK叶绿素相对含量最低,C5次之,C9最高。     

红果臭椿苗期病害致病菌的分离与鉴定

以感病红果臭椿幼苗病株为试材,采用形态学鉴定、分子生物学鉴定和致病性鉴定方法,研究了引起红果臭椿苗期病害致病菌的种类,以期为其苗期病害防治提供了有力的依据,从而提高红果臭椿的成活率,为园林绿化提供充足的苗源。结果表明:红果臭椿苗期病害有5种致病真菌,分别为木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、腐皮镰刀菌(F.solani)、极细链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuissima)、球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)和新棒孢拟盘多毛孢菌(Neopestalotiopsis clavispora),其中腐皮镰刀菌为主要致病菌。     

中国奶业全产业链绿色发展指标的时空变化特征

奶业是关乎国民健康和食品安全的战略性农业产业,本文从社会发展、经济效益、产品生产、资源投入和生态环境5个方面选取28项指标,发展和完善了中国奶业全产业链绿色发展指标体系和分级标准。基于该指标体系,利用NUFER-animal模型,定量分析了1990—2017年中国奶业绿色发展指标的时空分布特征,剖析了产业绿色发展的限制因素,阐明了优化途径。结果表明:中国人均奶制品消费量稳步提高,从2.0kg?cap.?1?a?1增加到12.5kg?cap.?1?a?1;奶牛单产水平不断提高,从2.4t?head?1?a?1增加到7.0t?head?1?a?1,种养系统氮素利用效率由8.4%提升至14.4%;单位牛奶的资源投入和环境代价均呈下降趋势,生产单位牛奶的蓝水足迹由0.5 m3?kg?1降低到0.2 m3·kg?1,耕地资源投入量由18.5 m2?kg?1降低到3.3 m2?kg?1;养殖系统氨挥发量指标由21.9 g(N)?kg?1降低到7.0 g(N)?kg?1,但仍远远高于欧美国家水平;牛奶生产和加工成本逐年增加,利润却低于欧美等先进国家的水平。空间特征分析表明:农牧交错带和东部沿海地区产品生产、资源投入和生态环境绿色发展水平相对较高,北方地区牛奶及奶制品的生产、消费水平均高于南方地区。发展种养一体化产业链融合绿色发展技术与模式、构建产销一体化产业链融合绿色发展利益共享机制和形成全产业链质量追踪服务体系与国民消费信任机制是促进中国奶业振兴和绿色发展的有效途径。     

鹿茸对小鼠酒精急性肝损伤保护作用的显微及超微结构分析

利用乙醇复制小鼠急性肝损伤模型,将平均体质量为(20±1)g的60只雄性小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、鹿茸醇提物高剂量组、鹿茸醇提物低剂量组、鹿茸粉组和联苯双酯组,制作肝组织的病理切片及电镜超薄切片,观察肝组织的病理改变及肝细胞的超微结构改变。结果显示:各治疗组肝损伤情况均有不同程度的改善,发生肝细胞坏死的动物例数减少,病变程度减轻。电镜检测结果表明:鹿茸能改善染色质边集、内质网扩张、线粒体肿胀、细胞质膜受损等病理改变。鹿茸对小鼠酒精急性肝损伤有明显的保护作用。