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1.
Oded Cohen Ozgur Batuman Yoni Moskowits Alexander Rozov Elisha Gootwine Munir Mawassi Moshe Bar-Joseph 《Phytoparasitica》2005,33(2):141-148
Mechanical inoculations with contaminating tools and propagation of infected budwood were considered the main causes for the
omnipresence of multiple viroid species among citrus and other Middle Eastern and Mediterranean fruit trees and grapevines.
However, neither means could explain viroid infections of wild trees — scattered on terrains inaccessible to humans — nor
the finding of similar viroids among graft-incompatible plants. Northern hybridization of RNA extracts made of scrapings from
the surfaces of goat (Capra hircus) horns that were rubbed against etrog (Citrus medica) stems infected with a citrus viroids complex, revealed accumulation of considerable amounts ofCitrus exocortis viroids (CEVd) andHop stunt viroids (HSVd). Experimental transmission of both CEVd and HSVd was obtained by rubbing healthy citrus plants with goat horns that
had been rubbed 24 h earlier on infected etrog stems. These results implicate goats as possible vectors of viroids. Transmissionvia goats could have facilitated the long-range spread of viroids among cultivated and wild plants andvice versa and also among graft-incompatible plants. 相似文献
2.
Malik Muniba Abid Munir Haider Muhammad Saleem Zhai Ying Khan Muhammad Azmat Ullah Pappu Hanu R. 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2023,130(1):23-33
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Mastreviruses are an emerging group of viruses transmitted by leafhoppers and infect both monocot and dicot plants. Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus... 相似文献
3.
Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses. 相似文献
4.
Munir Ahmad Adel Ghoneim Saud S. Al-Oud Khaled D. Alotaibi Mahmoud Nadeem 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2019,65(2):183-195
Phosphate rock (PR) was activated via acidulation with HCl, EDTA, and oxalic acid to enhance its reactivity. The release, lateral transport, and uptake of phosphorus (P) along with trace metals from pristine and activated PRs were investigated in a soil micro-block system over a period of 27 days, using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of available soil P, Fe, Mn, and Zn were released from all the PRs after application to soil within first 9 days of seedling transplantation, while the release of other trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) was minimal (<1.2 mg kg?1). On cumulative basis, APR-O (oxalic acid activated PR) was the most efficient amendment releasing 164% more available P, followed by APR-E (EDTA activated PR) releasing 130% more available P, compared to the pristine PR. Similar results were also observed in the release of available Fe, Mn, Zn, and other trace metals. The highest diffusive mass fluxes for available P, Mn, Fe, and Zn in soil were observed after 3 days of seedling transplantation, which reduced subsequently. The uptake of P, Fe, Mn, and Zn by wheat plants was increased by 394%, 715%, 92%, and 91%, respectively, in APR-O application compared to the pristine PR, while it was increased by 280%, 188%, 16%, and 27%, respectively, in APR-E application compared to the pristine PR. Subsequently, APR-O and APR-E amendments resulted in enhanced shoot lengths, root lengths, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter contents of wheat plants. Hence, it was concluded that activation of PR with oxalic acid and EDTA prior to direct soil application may enhance the reactivity of PR and could serve as a cost-effect fertilization strategy for higher wheat crop production. 相似文献
5.
Analysis of xanthophylls in corn by HPLC 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Moros EE Darnoko D Cheryan M Perkins EG Jerrell J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(21):5787-5790
An HPLC method was developed using the C-30 carotenoid column to separate and identify the major xanthophylls in corn (lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin). A photodiode array detector and a mobile phase consisting of methyl tert-butyl ether/methanol/water was used. All three xanthophylls eluted in less than 25 min. Yellow dent corn had a total xanthophyll content of 21.97 microg/g with lutein content of 15.7 microg/g, zeaxanthin content of 5.7 microg/g, and beta-cryptoxanthin of 0.57 microg/g. Commercial corn gluten meal had a 7 times higher concentration of xanthophylls (145 microg/g), and deoiled corn contained 18 microg/g, indicating that the xanthophylls are probably bound to the zein fraction of corn proteins. 相似文献
6.
Major declines in the abundance of vultures and other scavenging raptors in and around the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Munir Z. Virani Corinne Kendall Peter Njoroge Simon Thomsett 《Biological conservation》2011,(2):746-752
Vulture population declines have been noted in West and Southern Africa, but have not been assessed in East Africa. Roadside transects conducted in 1976 and 1988 were compared with surveys done from 2003–2005 in and around Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Staggering declines in abundance were found for seven of eight scavenging raptors surveyed. No Egyptian vultures were seen during recent transects. We compared trends between the ungulate migration and non-migration season among three land use types (reserve, buffer, and grazed) and among the species surveyed to establish the causes of declines in scavenging raptors. Large declines during the ungulate migratory period suggest that most scavenging raptor species are declining well beyond the area of study. For all species, except Hooded vultures, substantial declines outside of the reserve indicate an important role of land use change in causing observed declines. In addition, significant declines of populations of Gyps species in the reserve itself, especially during the migration season, provide evidence that human activities occurring in other parts of the species’ range such as poisoning of carcasses may be causing their decline. Declines found in this study suggest that at a minimum African white-backed, Rüppell’s, and Hooded vultures should be relisted as Vulnerable. Management actions that limit land use change around the reserve combined with a countrywide ban on carbamate pesticides will be important for conserving keystone members of the scavenging guild. Future research should further examine possible causes of these declines and quantify the effect of reduced scavenging raptor abundance on scavenging efficiency. 相似文献
7.
Munir K Muneer MA Tiwari A Chaudhry RM Muruganandan S 《Veterinary research communications》2007,31(7):909-929
Immunization against Angara disease virus (ADV), a serotype 4 avian adenovirus, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian
paramyxovirus serotype 1, is the mainstay of a broiler vaccination programme, while polyether ionophores usually form an essential
component of a broiler medication programme in most parts of India and Pakistan. The role of polyether ionophores in the protective
immune responses of broiler chickens vaccinated and challenged with ADV and NDV was investigated. A total of 1600 birds were
divided into eight groups of 200 birds each. First four groups were vaccinated against NDV and ADV, while the remaining four
served as unvaccinated controls. The first 3 groups of birds were administered salinomycin, monensin and cyclophosphamide
(CYP), respectively. The last group served as an untreated control. The same treatment schedule was also followed for the
next four unvaccinated groups. The post-vaccination and post-challenge serological responses to NDV and ADV, body and lymphoid
organ weight gains, post-challenge survival rate and detection of NDV and ADV in the tissues of infected birds were evaluated.
Birds administered salinomycin showed a significant stimulation of protective immune responses against both NDV and ADV as
compared to the untreated and CYP-treated birds. Monensin also enhanced the protective immune responses against both viruses
but the effect was not statistically significant. Thus, it is concluded that monensin and salinomycin augment the anti-NDV
and anti-ADV immune responses in broiler chickens, which supports their use in poultry flocks. 相似文献
8.
A M Dar K Tune S Munir B Panigrahy S M Goyal V Kapur 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2001,13(3):201-205
Avian pneumovirus (APV) or turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV) is an important respiratory pathogen of domesticated poultry in many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Until recently, the United States was considered free of APV. In late 1996, an atypical upper respiratory tract infection appeared in turkey flocks in Colorado and shortly thereafter in turkey flocks in Minnesota. An avian pneumovirus (APV-US) that was serologically distinct from the previously described TRTV was isolated as the primary cause of the new syndrome. The nucleotide sequence of a fragment of the APV-US fusion gene was determined and used to develop a polymerase chain reaction-based assay that specifically detects APV-US viral nucleic acid sequences in RNA extracts of tracheal swabs and turbinate homogenates. The assay is highly sensitive in that it can detect <0.01 TCID50 of APV. The availability of this assay enables the rapid and accurate determination of APV-US in infected poultry flocks. 相似文献
9.
Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the heat shock protein 70 gene of Babesia parasites from dogs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yamasaki M Inokuma H Sugimoto C Shaw SE Aktas M Yabsley MJ Yamato O Maede Y 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,145(3-4):217-227
The heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes of Babesia gibsoni, B. canis canis, B. canis vogeli, and B. canis rossi isolated from infected dogs were cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. In the nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of the gene, the parasites were very similar to each other. The nucleotide sequences of the hsp70 gene had more variety than those of 18S nuclear subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA). A phylogenetic analysis of these sequences and comparisons with sequences from other Babesia and Theileria species revealed that all canine babesial isolates analyzed in the present study were closely related to each other and formed one cluster. Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis of Babesia and Theileria species showed that these parasites could be divided into three groups: group A including canine babesial isolates, B. divergens, B. odocoilei, B. bovis, B. caballi, and B. ovis; group B including Theileria annulata, T. orientalis, and T. cervi; and group C including B. microti and B. rodhaini. These results suggested that a phylogenetic analysis of the hsp70 gene sequence might be helpful in classifying Babesia and Theileria species, and that canine babesial isolates might be closely related to each other, indicating their evolution from the same ancestry. 相似文献
10.
This project was conducted to investigate the comparative efficiency of competitive ELISA (cELISA), standard Agar Gel Immunodiffusion
Test (AGID) and Precipitinogen Inhibition Test (PIT) for the diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Pakistan. To deal with this, serum samples from 198 sheep and 82 goats were collected from three different government
livestock farms and all the samples were run simultaneously with the three serological tests. The samples found positive for
PPR antibodies through cELISA, AGID and PIT were 96 (34.2%), 60 (21.4%) and 72 (25.7%), respectively. Kappa statistics were
applied to evaluate the concordance between the laboratory-based test (cELISA) and field-based tests (AGID and PIT). Kappa
statistics scores for cELISA versus AGID and PIT were 0.6343 (95% Confidence Interval CI 0.5231–0.7456) and 0.7134 (95% Confidence
Interval CI 0.5987–0.8281), respectively, which indicate a “substantial” agreement between cELISA and AGID and “significant”
agreement between cELISA and PIT. AGID and PIT revealed relative diagnostic sensitivities with cELISA of 59.3% and 69.7% and
relative diagnostic specificities of 98.3% and 97.2%, respectively. The data suggested that for mass screening and control
of PPR, these serological tests proved practical in the absence of cELISA since they have high relative diagnostic specificities
and a satisfactory relative diagnostic sensitivities. 相似文献