Isomerization and Beckmann rearrangement reactions in the metabolism of methomyl in rats

Methomyl {S-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate}, also known as Lannate, may exist in two geometric configurations but the more stable syn isomer is the form applied as an insecticide. In the rat, syn[¹⁴CN]methomyl [CH₃S(CH₃)CNOC(O)NHCH₃] was metabolized to respiratory ¹⁴CO₂ and $\text{CH}{}_3{}^{14}\text{CN}$ in a ratio of about 2 to 1. Studies with the anti isomer showed that it was metabolized predominately to $\text{CH}{}_3{}^{14}\text{CN}$. These and other data are presented supporting the contention that syn methomyl is partially isomerized to the anti isomer in the animal prior to the hydrolysis of the ester linkage. After hydrolysis, the syn oxime [CH₃S(CH₃)¹⁴CNOH] is further metabolized to ¹⁴CO₂ while the anti oxime is metabolized to $\text{CH}{}_3{}^{14}\text{CN}$. Proposed immediate precursors to the carbon dioxide and acetonitrile, formed by Beckmann rearrangement of the syn and anti oximes, are CH₃S¹⁴C(O)NHCH₃ and $\text{[}\text{CH}{}_3{}^{\mathrm{14\oplus }}\text{CNSCH}{}_3\text{]x}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$, respectively.     

Fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Nachweis von DDT und seinen Mitteln

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

负载戊唑醇的聚乙二醇-聚己内酯胶束的制备与性能研究

通过开环聚合法合成了聚乙二醇-聚己内酯嵌段共聚物(PEG-b-PCL),以PEG-b-PCL为囊壁、以戊唑醇为囊芯,采用自组装的方法制备了载药胶束。分别利用动态光散射仪(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM) 对其粒径进行了表征,通过紫外分光光度计和高效液相色谱仪测定了其载药量、包覆率和体外释药性能,用滤纸片法测试了载药胶束对木霉 Trichoderma viride 的抑菌性能。结果表明:PEG-b-PCL载戊唑醇胶束平均粒径为 250 nm,均匀度良好,载药量为 26.4%,包覆率为18.0%,体外释放192 h的释药率为83.35%,其对木霉的抑菌效果明显高于同浓度下的戊唑醇乙酸乙酯溶液。     

关键环境因子对桃小食心虫出土羽化动态的影响

为明确有效积温、土壤含水量对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura出土羽化的影响,在室内控制土壤温、湿度的条件下测定了越冬代和第1代各生命阶段的有效积温,于2010—2015年在山西省临县枣园对越冬幼虫和成虫动态进行调查,并对田间土壤温度和含水量进行系统监测。结果表明:桃小食心虫室内越冬幼虫出土积温为258.2日度;而受5月份首次有效降雨日的影响,田间出土积温存在384.2~764.6日度的年度变化。土壤含水量对越冬幼虫出土模式及出土率有显著影响。持续干旱或土壤高湿均可导致双峰现象,土壤高湿的频繁出现还可显著降低幼虫出土率。通过6年田间监测数据的分析表明,越冬幼虫首现日与有效降雨日无显著相关性,而首现日有效积温(y)与降雨日有效积温(x)呈极显著正相关,回归方程为y=0.7758x+188.16(r=0.997,P0.001)。     

Role of social structure in establishment of an invasive large mammal after translocation

Background

Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations following translocation events. We conducted experimental trials to compare the home range establishment and space-use metrics, including the number of days and distance traveled before becoming range residents, for wild pigs translocated with their social group and individually.

Results

We found wild pigs translocated with their social group made less extensive movements away from the release location and established a stable home range ~5 days faster than those translocated individually. We also examined how habitat quality impacted the home range sizes of translocated wild pigs and found wild pigs maintained larger ranges in areas with higher proportion of low-quality habitat.

Conclusion

Collectively, our findings suggest translocations of invasive wild pigs have a greater probability of establishing a viable population near the release site when habitat quality is high and when released with members of their social unit compared to individuals moved independent of their social group or to low-quality habitat. However, all wild pigs translocated in our study made extensive movements from their release location, highlighting the potential for single translocation events of either individuals or groups to have far-reaching consequences within a much broader landscape beyond the location where they are released. These results highlight the challenges associated with containing populations in areas where illegal introduction of wild pigs occurs, and the need for rapid response once releases are identified. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Thermal performance curves based on field movements reveal context-dependence of thermal traits in a desert ectotherm

Landscape Ecology - Thermal traits likely mediate organismal responses to changing thermal environments. As temperatures increase, predicting species responses will depend on understanding how...