Observations on the variation in content of rhodanidogenic glucosides in some brassica fodder crops

Summary Using the colorimetric method ofAldridge samples of vegetative parts ofBrassica oleracea var.acephala (kale),B. campestris (turnip rape) andB. napus (rape) were analysed for content of rhodanidogenic glucosides. The number of varieties examined of each species was 9, 2 and 4 respectively. The kale was harvested 5 times, the rape and turnip rape 3 times at fourtheen day intervals; the last harvest occurring at a stage of development found most commonly in practice. At the harvest the kale and rape plants were divided into stems and leaves. In some cases the petioles and the laminas were separated before analysis.The mean rhodanid values for kale were significantly higher than for rape. The most striking difference between the species was, however, that in kale the rhodanid content was much higher in the leaves than in the stems. Also in rape the highest rhodanid content was in the laminas but the content here was much lower than that in kale.In the kale material there was significant variation between the varieties. No significant varietal differences were found in rape and turnip rape in the material examined. If the rhodanid content was calculated on a basis of fresh weight there was no general difference between the development stages in any of the species.

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Zusammenfassung Proben von den vegetativen Teilen vonBrassica oleracea var.acephala (Futterkohl),B. campestris (Rübsen) undB. napus (Raps) wurden nach der kolorimetrischen Methode vonAldridge auf ihren Gehalt an rhodanidogenen Glucosiden analysiert. Von den drei Arten wurden vom Futterkohl 9, von Rübsen 2 und vom Raps 4 Sorten untersucht. Der Futterkohl wurde fünfmal, der Raps und die Rübsen nur dreimal geerntet. Die Zeit zwischen den Ernten betrug zwei Wochen. Die letzte Ernte erfolgte zu derselben Zeit, wie sie in der Praxis üblich ist. Nach der Ernte wurden Futterkohl und Raps in Stämme und Blätter zerlegt. Bei einigen Proben wurden die Blätter in Mittelrippen und Blattspreiten getrennt.Die Mittelwerte des Rhodanidgehaltes im Futterkohl waren höher als im Raps, der Unterschied war statistisch nachweisbar. Im Futterkohl war der Gehalt an Rhodanid in den Blättern viel höher als in den Stämmen. Der Kohl hatte den höchsten Rhodanidgehalt in den Blattspreiten. Der Raps hingegen wies keine so großen Unterschiede auf.In dem Kohlmaterial wurden Differenzen zwischen den Sorten statistisch festgestellt. Im Material von Raps und Rübsen wurden keine besonderen Sortendifferenzen gefunden. Als der Rhodanidgehalt in bezug auf Frischgewicht berechnet wurde, konnte keine allgemeine Differenz zwischen den Erntezeiten bei den einzelnen Arten gefunden werden.

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Résumé Il est connu depuis quelques années que les plantes du genreBrassica contiennent dans leurs parties chlorophylliennes et leurs racines les glucosides à sulfocyanate glucobrassicine et néoglucobrassicine. Lorsque les parois cellulaires sont déchirées, les glucosides entrent en contact avec l'enzyme myrosinase, qui catalyse la scission des glucosides en glucose, sulfate, et le stade intermédiaire hypothétique isosulfocyanate. Les isosulfocyanates hypothétiques sont elivés par une réaction secondaire en ion sulfocyanure et en dérivé indolique. Ainsi, lorsque la récolte contenant ces glucosides est utilisée comme fourrage, des sulfocyanures sont mis en liberté. Comme ces ions empêchent notoirement l'accumulation de l'iode dans la glande thyroïde, ils contribuent à la formation de goître.En Suède, on s'intéresse de plus en plus à utiliser comme aliment du bétail du chou moeillier et du colza fourrager. Des cas de maladie ont été décrits sur des vaches qui avaient été nourries avec de grandes quantités deBrassica; il est donc intéressant de rechercher les variations du taux de glucosides à sulfocyanates dans ces plantes fourragères. Si l'on peut trouver d'importantes différences qui soient héréditaires, il y a quelque espoir de diminuer, par sélection, les taux de glucosides.Le travail a débuté en 1964 par l'analyse des glucosides à sulfocyanates, afin de mettre en évidence les différences entre espèces, variétés, éléments morphologiques et stades de développement de la plante. Trois espèces ont été étudiées:Brassica oleracea (var.acephala),B. campestris etB. napus. Cette dernière espèc eest une allopolyploïde des deux premières. De ces espèces ont été étudiées 9, 2, 4 variétés. Le chou moeillier a fait l'objet de 5 récoltes, le colza et le rutabaga de 3, à quinze jours d'intervalle; la dernière récolte a été faite à l'époque normale. Après la récolte, tige et feuilles ont été séparées, à l'exception des rutabagas, qui, dans les variétés d'hiver semées au printemps ne forment pas de tiges. Chez certains échantillons, les racines ont été étudiées; dans certains cas les pétioles ont été séparés des limbes. Le dosage du sulfocyanure a été fait selon la méthode d'Aldridge.Les taux moyens de sulfocyanure du chou moellier sont significativement plus élevés que ceux du colza. La principale différence entre espèces fut que les feuilles du chou moeillier sont nettement plus riches en sulfocyanures que la tige. Dans le colza les limbes ont de même montré le taux le plus élevé, mais cependant nettement moins élevé que chez le chou moellier.Les diverses variétés de chou moeillier ont montré des différences significatives. De pareilles différences n'ont pas été trouvées entre les variétés de colza et de rutabagas. Si l'on rapporte le taux de sulfocyanure au poids frais, il n'y a aucune différence, pour une même variété, entre les divers stades de développement.

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Paper read in Lund, Sweden (EUCARPIA-CIQ Congress, 14th to 17th July 1965) on 17/7/1965.     

Safety of temperature sensitive mutant Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine

A temperature sensitive (ts) vaccine strain designated ts-11 was selected after exposure of a low passage culture of the immunogenic Australian field isolate (strain 80083) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum to 100 mg/ml of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Viable counts (assayed as colour changing units (CCU)/25 microliters) of a thawed stock culture of ts-11 were typically log10 3 to log10 5 higher when incubated at 33 degrees C (the permissive temperature) than duplicate viable counts incubated at 39.5 degrees C (the restrictive temperature). Doses of approximately 2 x 10(7) CCU of ts-11 caused no gross lesions or loss of egg production when inoculated into the air sacs of susceptible chickens and no clinical or pathological signs of sinusitis when inoculated into the infraorbital sinuses of susceptible turkey poults, whereas the parent strain 80083 was demonstrably pathogenic. However, 1 of 10 poults inoculated intra-abdominally with approximately 2 x 10(7) CCU of ts-11 did show signs of mild airsacculitis. Eight-week-old pullets were vaccinated by eye drop with up to 1.4 x 10(7) CCU of ts-11 and simultaneously subjected to several stressful management practices, without apparent ill effects. Administration by coarse aerosol of 5 ml of ts-11 vaccine/25 day-old broilers, with or without 25 doses of infectious bronchitis virus vaccine caused no obvious signs of respiratory disease. The non virulent ts phenotype was maintained after 3 passages of strain ts-11 in chickens. Chickens vaccinated 3 weeks previously with ts-11 or with strain 80083 were placed in contact with susceptible chickens for a period of 2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Immunogenicity of a temperature sensitive mutant Mycoplasma gaffisepticum vaccine

The immunogenicity of the ts-11 vaccine strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum was assessed following eye drop or coarse aerosol administration in chickens of various ages. Protection was evalualted following intra-abdominal (IA) or fine droplet aerosol administration of virulent M. gallisepticum, usually the Ap3AS strain and was measured mainly by the scoring of gross air sac lesions or by egg production. Vaccination of chickens with ts-11 did not elicit a substantial serum antibody response as measured by rapid serum agglutination test, or ELISA. Protection was never demonstrated when no M. gallisepticum serum antibody response was detected in a vaccinated group of chickens. Failure to protect occurred usually, although not invariably, following aerosol administration of the vaccine. Vaccination by eye drop usually, although not invariably provided protection against challenge. In one experiment, chickens vaccinated by eye drop at 8-weeks were as susceptible as non vaccinated controls when challenged by IA inoculation at 13-weeks-of-age. Yet other birds from the same vaccinated group were resistant when challenged in an identical way at 23-weeks. No measurable increase in M. gallisepticum specific serum antibody concentrations occurred in the intervening period. Equally surprising was the response of another group of birds in the same experiment that had been vaccinated with a higher dose of ts-11. An antibody response was detected in this group, but they were susceptible to challenge at 23-weeks. Interestingly, a drop in egg production commenced 4 weeks after challenge, 2 weeks later than that observed in a non vaccinated group challenged at the same time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Akabane disease in sheep

Perinatal lamb mortality, associated with malformations of the CNS due to Akabane viral infection, occurred in 4 of 9 flocks of ewes lambing on 3 farms between 26 May and 14 November, 1976. Cases were restricted to ewes conceiving prior to the second week of March and lambing between 26 May and 19 July. As judged by seroconversion in sentinel flocks on 2 of the farms, field infection with Akabane virus occurred mainly between mid-February and mid-April. Malformations of the CNS occurred in 42.5%, 51.2%, 100% and 31.0% of the dead lambs examined in the affected flocks respectively. Prevalence in the 4 affected flocks, expressed as the proportion of ewes lambing which delivered at least one malformed foetus, was 6.1%, 8.4%, 88.9% and 5.7% respectively. Lamb mortality due to malformations of the CNS was 7.1%, 5.5%, 92.3% and 5.7% of lambs born. Age-specific prevalence was calculated for 3 of the 4 flocks and 2-year-old ewes accounted for 71.4% and 76.9% of total cases respectively in 2 flocks, whereas in one flock malformations occurred at equivalent frequencies throughout several older age groups. Birthweights of affected lambs were usually significantly lighter than those of unaffected lambs of similar sex and birth-type, and their mean duration of gestation was slightly, and significantly, prolonged. Micrencephaly (88.1% of cases) and hydrocephalus (68.7% of cases) were the outstanding pathological features of the malformations with hydranencephaly, microgyria, porencephaly and attenuation of the spinal cord occurring at much lower frequencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Possible parachordoma in a dog

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: A 15-mm diameter mass developed in the S/C tissue overlying the right lateral gluteal muscle of a 6½-year-old female Flat-coated Retriever.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Cytological preparations following aspiration of the mass were highly cellular and consisted of a population of large polygonal cells containing single to multiple nuclei, large prominent nucleoli, and intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Histologically, the neoplasm consisted of similar large cells surrounded by thick fibrous connective tissue trabeculae. The large polygonal cells reacted positively with antibodies against vimentin, low- and high-molecular-weight variants of cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), but not with antibodies to desmin or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).

DIAGNOSIS: The clinical, gross, histological and immunohistochemical findings are similar to those reported for parachordomas in humans. Neither recurrence nor metastases were noted 18 months after surgical excision of the mass.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first reported case of a possible parachordoma in a dog, a benign tumour with cytological features of malignancy.