A Module to Calculate Primary Particulate Matter Emissions and Abatement Measures in Europe

Primary particulate matter is emitted directly into the atmosphere from various anthropogenic and natural sources such as power plants (combustion of fossil fuels) or forest fires. Secondary particles are formed by transformation of SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, and VOC in the atmosphere. They both contribute to ambient particulate matter concentrations, which may have adverse effects on human health. Health hazards are caused by small particulate size, high number of especially fine (< 2.5 µm) and ultra-fine (< 0.1 µm) particles and/or their chemical composition. As part of an integrated assessment model developed at IIASA, a module on primary particulate matter (PM) emissions has been added to the existing SO₂, NO_x, NH₃ and VOC sections. The module considers so far primary emissions of total suspended particles (TSP), PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from aggregated stationary and mobile sources. A primary PM emission database has been established. Country specific emission factors for stationary sources have been calculated within the module using the ash content of solid fuels.     

The variability of (Z)- and (E)-2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acids and apigenin glucosides in diploid and tetraploid Chamomilla recutita

(Z)‐ and (E)‐2‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy‐4‐methoxycinnamic acids (GM‐CA) belong to the main compounds of water‐alcoholic extracts of Chamomilla recutita. The quantities of GMCA and apigenin in anthodia (flower heads) of diploid and tetraploid C. recutita cultivars were studied. The ploidy of a plant does not significantly influence the percentage of GMCA, in contrast to the total GMCA content in anthodia of diploid and tetraploid cultivars. Progenies of selected tetraploid plants with significantly high (9.95 mg/g) and low (5.47 mg/g) contents of GMCA were also evaluated. The higher and lower values of GMCA were conserved in the progeny generation, with significant differences in GMCA content found between the two groups of progenies.