Soil nitrogen availability alters rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community

Purpose

Soil microorganisms are important in the cycling of plant nutrients. Soil microbial biomass, community structure, and activity are mainly affected by carbon substrate and nutrient availability. The objective was to test if both the overall soil microbial community structure and the community-utilizing plant-derived carbon entering the soil as rhizodeposition were affected by soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability.

Materials and methods

A ¹³C-CO₂ steady-state labeling experiment was conducted in a ryegrass system. Four soil treatments were established: control, amendment with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), amendment with ammonium nitrate (NF), combined CMC and NF. Soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and ¹³C labeling PLFA were extracted and detected by isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Results and discussion

The combined CMC and NF treatment with appropriate C/N ratio (20) significantly enhanced soil microbial biomass C and N, but resulted in lower soil inorganic N concentrations. There was no significant difference in soil PLFA profile pattern between different treatments. In contrast, most of the ¹³C was distributed into PLFAs 18:2ω6,9c, 18:1ω7c, and 18:1ω9c, indicative of fungi and gram-negative bacteria. The inorganic-only treatment was distinct in ¹³C PLFA pattern from the other treatments in the first period of labeling. Factor loadings of individual PLFAs confirmed that gram-positive bacteria had relatively greater plant-derived C contents in the inorganic-only treatment, but fungi were more enriched in the other treatments.

Conclusions

Amendments with CMC can improve N transformation processes, and the ryegrass rhizodeposition carbon flux into the soil microbial community is strongly modified by soil N availability.

     

重金属复合污染下土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征

用碳素利用法对浙江省天台铅锌银尾矿区重金属复合污染土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明 ,矿区重金属复合污染降低了供试土壤的微生物群落代谢剖面 ,且群落代谢剖面值与培养时间之间呈非线性关系 ,其变化过程符合微生物种群生长动态模型 (S形 )。随着重金属复合污染程度的加剧 ,土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学参数K和r值越低 ,参数s值所需的时间则越长。上述动力学参数与群落代谢剖面各自的主成分分析结果显示 ,微生物群落功能多样性的动力学参数K值和s值能够很好地区分矿区土壤重金属污染程度 ,并且其区分效果比微生物群落代谢剖面值好。土壤微生物群落功能多样性动力学特征的变化可以较好地显示矿区重金属复合污染土壤微生物群落对碳源利用模式的差异 ,反映矿区特定生境土壤微生物群落功能多样性的变化 ,在一定程度上揭示重金属胁迫下环境微生物种群作用机理。     

“苏红”胡萝卜的选育、栽培和加工

1972年起,从“黑田”胡萝卜的杂种一代中,经株系选择育成“苏红”品种。该品种具有早熟、加工品质优良的特性。     

黄瓜线杂一号的选育和利用

从扬州地方乳黄瓜品种中,经系选选出三个单花线瓜品系,分别与粤早品种杂交,获得亩产4800斤、抗毒素病强、腌加工品质优良的杂交组合粤早×乳_2,已供生产应用。     

Soil pH controls nitrification and carbon substrate utilization more than urea or charcoal in some highly acidic soils

Understanding the mechanism and key controlling factors of nitrification in highly acidic soils is important from both ecological and environmental perspectives. Many acid soils are also characterized by vegetation that produces polyphenolic and terpene compounds that inhibit microbial activity. We investigated the potentially ameliorative effects of lime, charcoal, and urea additions on soil nitrification and carbon substrate utilization (using the MicroResp method). Four soils were studied from widely different environments but with similar pH and inputs of phytochemicals to determine the relative effects of these potentially controlling factors. The addition of charcoal had no significant effect on net nitrification, but charcoal significantly increased soil basal respiration and altered C substrate utilization in the two Scottish soils. Urea greatly increased nitrification in both the Chinese soils, but there was no effect of urea on nitrification in the two Scottish soils. Lime application increased nitrification in all the soils except for the Chinese mixed forest soil. Multivariate analysis of the C source utilization data revealed that lime altered C substrate utilization more than urea or charcoal in these highly acidic soils. Our results suggest that acid-tolerant nitrifiers do exist in these soils and have potential for high activity, and pH (lime addition) and N-substrate (urea) most often increased nitrification. However, no single factor controlled nitrification in every soil, suggesting an interaction between abiotic and nitrifier community composition as a result of land use and soil type interactions.     

Incorporation of urea-derived 13C into microbial communities in four different agriculture soils

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the composition of the soil microbial community brought about by urea application and differences in the incorporation of urea-derived C into the soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) pool at differing soil pH. We selected four soils which ranged in pH from 3.9 to 7.8. ¹³C-labeled urea was applied at two concentrations 100 and 200 mg N kg^?1 which represents commonly used and high levels of application. Significant hydrolysis of applied urea occurred within 2 h; less than 2 % of urea-C was retained in the soil with one exception, the fluvo-aquic soil at pH 7.8 amended with 200 mg kg^?1 urea-N 3 days after urea application. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the effect of urea and incubation time on microbial community composition was far weaker than differences between the four soils due to their large differences in basic properties; the scores of PC2 were significantly correlated with pH values. The incorporation of ¹³C-urea to PLFAs increased with soil pH; this may be related to increases in the speciation of inorganic C into bicarbonate.¹³C label was primarily incorporated into 16:1ω5c, 16:0, and cy19:0 in red soil, pH 3.9; and into 16:1ω7c, 16:0, and 16:1ω5c in fluvo-aquic soil, pH 7.8. A wider range of PLFAs became labeled in the two paddy soils at pH 5.2 and 6.7. This suggests that the profile of PLFAs labeled from the application of ¹³C-urea may be affected by redox potential.     

史氏鲟南移培育的技术研究与探讨

本文介绍史氏鲟从黑龙江南移至莆田市养鳗池的培育技术研究结果。培育过程仔鲟成活率达74．5％,人工配合饲料驯化转口率达88．7％,从二日龄苗种培育成平均体重690g。并对史氏鲟南移培育生长的基本要素进行了探讨。     

茶园土壤N2O产出与排放研究进展

化肥的大量施用使得酸性茶园土壤N₂O排放量大量增加,成为大气重要的N₂O排放源,加剧了全球气候变暖和臭氧层破坏。本文综述了茶园土壤N₂O的产出机制及排放的影响因素,探讨了不同N₂O减排措施的实际效果,并提出研究展望。     

铅锌银尾矿区土壤微生物活性及其群落功能多样性研究

通过对浙江省天台铅锌银尾矿区土壤微生物活性指标以及微生物群落功能多样性研究 ,结果表明 ,尾矿污染区土壤几种重金属含量比非矿区土壤有明显的增加。尾矿区土壤微生物特征发生了显著的变化 ,微生物生物量和可培养细菌数量显著降低 ,但土壤基础呼吸和微生物代谢商 (qCO2 )值却明显升高。Bi olog测试结果显示 ,随着重金属污染程度的加剧其土壤微生物群落结构发生了相应变化 ,尾矿区土壤微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD)及群落丰富度、多样性指数均显著低于非矿区土壤 ,且供试土壤间均达极显著水平差异 (p <0 .0 1) ,表明尾矿区重金属污染引起了土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降 ,减少了能利用有关碳源底物的微生物数量、降低了微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力     

农业发展在政策减贫过程中的中介效应研究

通过培育农业等支柱性产业从而形成持续内生发展能力已经成为减贫的重要途径。农业发展在公共政策与减贫间架起了一座桥梁,农业发展呈现出明显的中介效应,公共政策通过农业发展这一中介变量有效推动了减贫进程。按照公共政策促进农业发展,农业发展推动贫困减缓这一逻辑脉络,构建了公共政策、农业发展与减贫效应三大系统及其测度指标体系,通过建立状态空间模型,分阶段探究了2000-2015年公共政策减贫过程中农业发展在各时期的减贫作用强度及其动态演变趋势,并对农业发展在政策扶贫过程中的中介效应进行了验证。结果表明,农业发展对政策扶贫的中介效应非常显著,公共政策的减贫效应中约有45.25%的贡献来自于农业发展所产生的中介效应;单纯的公共政策对于贫困减缓和农业发展的影响呈现下降趋势,而农业发展对于农村贫困减缓的作用则逐年增强。研究表明,我国多元化的减贫体系已经基本形成,内生式减贫机制逐渐健全并已经发挥作用,公共政策对农业发展和减贫的促进作用呈边际递减态势。因此,首先要加强对农业尤其是特色农业的扶持,以更好地发挥其在减贫过程中的中介效应,其次促进当前我国扶贫攻坚战略应尽快转向换挡,千方百计推动已经形成的内生减贫系统有效运转。