黄河水源区首曲湿地草地生态系统服务价值初步估算

黄河水源区首曲湿地保护区的草地生态系统不仅是当地经济社会可持续发展的资源保障,也是黄河上游地区天然的生态屏障。参照国内外草地生态系统服务价值的评估方法,对玛曲草地生态系统的服务价值做了初步估算,以便为草地资源的合理开发、利用及管理提供科学的参考依据。研究结果表明:首曲湿地保护区的草地生态系统服务价值为55.76~71.54亿元/a,是所在地玛曲县生产总值的15~19倍,单位国民生产总值(GDP)的环境成本均高于全国和全球水平。高额的环境成本,是造成该保护区草地大面积退化的主导因素。因此欲从根本上解决草地退化问题,必须转变草地粗放经营模式,实施高效集约化畜牧业生产模式和草地资源管理模式。     

我国园林地被植物研究现状

园林地被植物与草坪是一门新兴的应用科学。近几十年来,在全球范围内,环境污染日趋严重,已直接威胁到人类的生态安全,人们开始认识到地面绿色植被的重要性,把发展草坪与地被植物作为改善环境、保护环境、消除裸地的有力措施之一。各大城市为了摸清当地的地被植物资源,研究和筛选适宜当地栽培和应用的地被植物优良种和品种,开展了多方面的研究工作。鉴于此,综述了近年来国内园林地被植物的研究,侧重于新优地被植物的引种、园林地被植物资源调查和利用以及地被植物的适应性和耐性研究等几个方面,并提出野生地被植物具有广阔的应用前景,应该进行更多相关方面的研究。     

人工管理措施改善了我国西部高寒沙化草甸土壤水分和碳、氮、磷含量

Regeneration of degraded grassland ecosystems is a significant issue in restoration ecology globally. To understand the effects of artificial management measures on alpine meadows, we surveyed topsoil properties including moisture, organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents five years after fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices in a sandy meadow in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, northwestern China. Both the fencing and fencing + reseeding management practices significantly increased soil moisture storage, SOC, total N, available N, total P, and available P, as compared to the unmanaged control. Fencing plus reseeding was more effective than fencing alone for improving soil C, N, and P contents. These suggested that rehabilitation by reseeding and fencing generally had favorable effects on the soil properties in degraded sandy alpine meadows, and was an effective approach for restoration of degraded meadow ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

黄土高原不同草地类型对水稳性团聚体粒径分布及稳定性的影响

本研究在甘肃兰州选择了4种不同类型的人工草地与天然草地为研究对象,分别为苜蓿草地、冰草草地、柠条灌木草地及针茅草地,其中针茅草地为天然草地。分析了4种草地类型0~40 cm土层的土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布特征、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)以及它们之间的差异性和相关性。结果表明,>2 mm和<0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体为优势粒径;在土壤表层0~20 cm,针茅草地>0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体显著高于其他草地类型(P<0.05),而在20~40 cm土层,苜蓿草地最高,说明在表层针茅草地对土壤结构的改良最优,随土层加深苜蓿草地对土壤结构的改良效果突出;苜蓿草地MWD值由表层0~10 cm的1.04 mm降低到30~40 cm的0.72 mm,下降了31%,而其他草地类型下降了50%~80%,说明苜蓿草地对不同层次土壤结构改良效果的差异性最小。MWD值与>0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体含量和有机质呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤容重呈极显著的负相关关系,表明水稳性大团聚体和有机质含量的增加可有效促进土壤结构的改良,加强土壤结构的稳定性,提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

1970-2000年代玉米单交种的遗传产量增益分析方法的比较

以田间试验为基础, 对直接种植法的不同方法进行分析, 以期找到适合我国的评估方法, 为遗传产量增益的研究提供理论支持。以1970s–2000s期间大面积推广的杂交种为材料, 分别于2005–2006年(试验1)以及2007–2008年(试验2)在新疆农业科学院和北京顺义试验基地进行。每个试验设置3种密度。依据1970年代单交种在3.0万株 hm^-2密度下的产量与2000年代的单交种在6.0万株 hm^-2密度下的年均单位面积的产量差异, 计算得到1970s–2000s期间我国玉米遗传产量年增益速率为94.7 kg hm^-2。在7.5万株 hm^-2密度下, 2000年代单交种较1970年代单交种的产量增值是遗传因素作用的结果。1970年代单交种在1.5万株hm^-2密度下的产量与2000年代单交种在7.5万株 hm^-2密度下的产量差值是育种与栽培共同作用的结果。由二者的比值得到育种对总产量增益的贡献率为52.9%。Duvick的直接种植法适用于我国评估遗传产量增益速率, Tollnaar的试验设置方法适用于评估我国玉米遗传贡献率。     

Changes in biochar properties in typical loess soil under a 5-year field experiment

Purpose

After biochar is applied to soil as a sustainable soil amendment and a carbon (C) sequestration technique, its physicochemical properties change over time. However, few studies have reported on the changes of biochar properties over the aging process under field conditions. An understanding of such changes can help us to make full use of biochar as a sustainable soil amendment and C sequestration technique.

Materials and methods

We used apple tree branches as the raw material to produce biochar and studied the changes in the physicochemical properties of the biochar over a 5-year field experiment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area (SSA) and micropore area, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed.

Results and discussion

After 5 years of aging, the SSA of the biochar had increased by 23.91% relative to that of fresh biochar; however, the SSA initially decreased over the first 3 years and then increased over the next 2 years. The reasons for the initial decrease were the destruction and clogging of the existing pore structure, whereas new micropore formation was responsible for the subsequent increase, as verified by micropore area, SEM and XPS analyses. The C content of the biochar was stable over the 5 years, but the surface O content and quantity of oxygen-containing functional groups increased relative to those of fresh biochar, which impacts the adsorption capacity of the biochar.

Conclusions

Our findings illustrate that the SSA of the biochar varied with time during the aging process. The stability of the C illustrated the potential of biochar as a C sequestration technique. The increase in oxygen-containing functional groups of the biochar was responsible for the process of nutrient adsorption.

     

4种土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草的生长特性影响研究

针对兰州地区园林绿化中遇到的土壤盐渍化问题,选用了4种土壤改良剂(YNEC、康乐、圃园和绿能)并以此作为改土措施,通过田间小区试验,研究了4种土壤改良剂对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne生长特性的影响。4种土壤改良剂各用量都能不同程度的促进多年生黑麦草的生长。在相同用量下,康乐可明显增加草高度和生物量,YNEC和绿能可明显增加根长度,4种改良剂均能促进分蘖,降低根冠比。     

Aboveground dominant functional group predicts belowground properties in an alpine grassland community of western China

Purpose  

It has been suggested that above and belowground interactions produce important feedbacks in natural ecosystems. It is necessary to study the relationships between aboveground plant functional group traits and belowground biomass and soil chemical properties in natural grasslands.     

矿区排土场人工草地土壤水分及入渗特征效应

本研究以露天煤矿排土场新土体上建植的不同人工草地为对象,分析了不同人工草地地上生物量、土壤水分及土壤入渗性能。结果表明,不同人工草地地上生物量之间差异显著(P<0.05),灌木和草灌混播草地的地上生物量比单一草种草地高,冰草+沙蒿和沙打旺+沙蒿草地地上生物量分别比单一种植冰草和沙打旺的草地高40.84%~47.88%和27.31%~53.49%;不同人工草地土壤含水量随深度增加而增大,20~30 cm层土壤含水量花棒草地最高;不同人工草地地上生物量和土壤水分的累加值呈负相关关系;草灌混播草地的平均土壤初始入渗速率比单一草种草地高44.25%。本研究结果表明,在矿区排土场新土体改良和植被恢复建设中应以草灌混播人工草地为主,可有效提高草地生产力,改善土壤的水分状况和入渗性能,利于植被生长的可持续。