Impact of climate change on maize yield in China from 1979 to 2016

Climate change severely impacts agricultural production, which jeopardizes food security. China is the second largest maize producer in the world and also the largest consumer of maize. Analyzing the impact of climate change on maize yields can provide effective guidance to national and international economics and politics. Panel models are unable to determine the group-wise heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional correlation and autocorrelation of datasets, therefore we adopted the feasible generalized least square(FGLS) model to evaluate the impact of climate change on maize yields in China from 1979–2016 and got the following results:(1) During the 1979–2016 period, increases in temperature negatively impacted the maize yield of China. For every 1°C increase in temperature, the maize yield was reduced by 5.19 kg 667 m–2(1.7%). Precipitation increased only marginally during this time, and therefore its impact on the maize yield was negligible. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by an insignificant amount of 0.043 kg 667 m–2(0.014%).(2) The impacts of climate change on maize yield differ spatially, with more significant impacts experienced in southern China. In this region, a 1°C increase in temperature resulted in a 7.49 kg 667 m–2 decrease in the maize yield, while the impact of temperature on the maize yield in northern China was insignificant. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by 0.013 kg 667 m–2 in southern China and 0.066 kg 667 m–2 in northern China.(3) The resilience of the maize crop to climate change is strong. The marginal effect of temperature in both southern and northern China during the 1990–2016 period was smaller than that for the 1979–2016 period.     

典型山地草甸草原主要牧草生长发育情况分析

对天山北坡中山带典型山地草甸草原4种具有代表性的天然牧草——老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus）、黄（Astragalus membranaceus）、老鹳草（Geranium wilfordii）、千叶蓍（Achillea millefolium）的生长发育情况进行了研究。结果表明，4种牧草的高度变化趋势表现为“慢-快-慢”的植物基本生长规律；老芒麦、千叶蓍、老鹳草的生长速率在返青期到分蘖期时较快，而黄芪的生长速率则在返青后就较快，分蘖期后4种牧草的生长速率开始变慢；盖度和产量的最大值出现在6月和7月。     

Studies on Tomato Seedling Quality Indices Under Simulated Shipping and Storage Conditions

Indices of the tomato seedling quality maintenance level after production before field planting were studied through simulated experiments, small--scale operation, indoor analyses and measurements, and field observation. The results showed that under simulated shipping and storage conditions, seedling quality change following different durations (days) of shipping and storage was correlated significantly or even very significantly with certain physiological and morphological indices. With various measured indices following different periods of shipping and storage treatment subjected to multinomial successive regressive correlation analysis, the principal factors influencing seedling quality maintenance level are identified to be chlorophyll content→dry short weight→ leaf freshness index in order of their importance. Significance analysis with multinomial fitted equation indicated that correlations between any one of above three factors and the growth index after field planting reached very significant difference level.     

Relationship between the intracellular calcium concentration changes and left ventricular hypertrophy and function in the spontaneously hypertensive rats

AIM:To elucidate the relationship between the intracellular calcium concentration changes and left ventricular hypertrophy and function in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).METHODS:Intracellular free calcium concentrations were measured by Fura 2 methodology and left ventricular function quantitated by cardiac catheterization in 20 SHR aged 10, 22, and 34 weeks and 20 age-matched Wistar-kyoto (WKY) rats.RESULTS:(1) The systolic blood pressure(SBP), intracellular calcium concentrations and left ventricular mass / body weight index (LVM/BW) were significantly higher in all three age groups of SHR than the corresponding groups of WKY; (2) Compared with age-matched WKY groups, the peak left ventricular pressure descending rate(-dp／dt_max) decreased while left ventricular relaxation time constant (τ)increased significantly in SHR aged 22 and 34 weeks. The peak left ventricular pressure ascending rate(dp／dt_max) and the left ventricular contractility index were significantly increased only in the 34 weeks SHR; (3) Intracellular calcium concentrations showed a positive correlation with LVM/BW,SBP,-dp／dt_max and τ(r=0.47-0.83,P<0.01)and a negative correlation with dp／dt_max and the left ventricular contractility index (r=-0.46,P<0.05 and r=-0.81, P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Intracellular calcium overload is one of the potential mechanisms in the induction of left ventricular hypertrophy as well as of systolic and diastolic dysfunction.     

Effects of the juice of Fructus Hippophae (JFH) on thrombocytopenia induced by cyclophosphamide in rats

AIM:To investigate the effects of the juice of fructus hippophae(JFH) on thrombocytopenia in rats.METHODS:Forty-eight wistar rats were divided into control group, model group, Yixuesheng-Jiaonang (YSJN) group and JFH group. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CTX, 30 mg/kg) or saline once a day for 3 days. And then, Saline, YSJN or JFH was administered (ig) once a day for 11 days. On the second, fouth, sixth and eighth day, the thrombocyte were counted, the mean platelet volume (MPV) and PDW were examined. On the eighth day, the cAMP, cGMP in platelets and platelet aggregation function were also examined.RESULTS:JFH could shorten the time of blood coagulation, increase the count of platelet, and enhance the platelet aggregation function. The experiment also showed that the JFH could decrease cGMP content in platelet.CONCLUSION:JFH could enhance blood coagulation and quality of platelet and prevent thrombocytopenia induced by cyclophosphamide in rats.     

Traumatic shock and systemic inflammation

Trauma is the No.1 cause of death in persons under the age of 45 and the No.3 cause of all deaths. Many trauma patients die of multiple organ failure (MOF), induced by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). This paper reviews the relations of traumatic shock with systemic inflammation.     

热处理对肉类蛋白质构的影响

加热作为最传统的肉熟化和杀菌手段,在今后的水产及畜禽肉加工产业中将依旧占主导地位。作者简述了肌肉蛋白的组成和结构,讨论了不同来源肌肉蛋白在加热过程中的变性行为。水生及陆生来源的肌肉中,大部分肌浆蛋白在40℃~60℃之间聚集,但对一些肌浆蛋白来说,加热到90℃才凝固。溶液中肌原纤维蛋白在30℃~32℃开始展开,在36℃~40℃蛋白质—蛋白质开始结合,在45℃~50℃产生凝胶化(conc.>0.5重量%)。在53℃~63℃的温度下,胶原蛋白开始变性,随后胶原纤维发生收缩。如果胶原纤维不能通过耐热分子间键稳定,则它在进一步加热时溶解并形成胶状。此外,作者还概述了不同种类肌肉蛋白在加热过程中的结构变化及其对质地品质的影响。对于一般完整肌肉的肉块,一定温度的热处理后,显微组织收缩,肌节长度缩短,持水性降低,韧性发生1次或者2次的跃升。鱼糜制品、汉堡肉饼及乳化香肠等碎肉产品,因加工工艺影响,肌肉系统的结构大幅改变。鱼糜制品形成过程较畜禽肌肉复杂;鱼类肌肉中盐溶性蛋白在加热作用下通过分子间二硫键、疏水作用力、氢键等等的作用,包裹水分重新形成立体网状结构,成为具有凝胶特性的鱼糜制品。通常畜禽类肌肉没有鱼糜凝胶形成的能力强。与乳化香肠相比,汉堡肉整体纤维和纤维碎片的出现率更高,其含量高达50%~70%,导致受热后收缩程度更大。乳化香肠中,因肌肉彻底粉碎搅拌因而肌原纤维蛋白被抽提出,在加热时产生密集的蛋白质网络—凝胶,通过毛细管作用力可有效地保持水分。了解不同种类肉蛋白质在烹饪过程中的结构变化以及质构品质变化机理,可为制定更合理的肉类加工方式提供理论依据。     

中华鳖MHCⅡα基因cDNA的克隆及组织表达分析

为了探究中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)的主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)的结构和功能,本研究利用RACE技术成功克隆获得中华鳖MHCⅡα基因的cDNA全长序列,其长度为1296 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为807 bp,共编码268个氨基酸,分为信号肽序列、Ⅱ类组织相容性抗原α结构域、IGc1结构域及跨膜结构域4个功能结构域。通过NJ法构建的系统进化树分析显示,中华鳖与西部锦龟(Chrysemys picta bellii)亲缘较近,而与哺乳类、鸟类及鱼类亲缘关系较远。荧光定量PCR结果显示,MHCⅡα mRNA在中华鳖8个组织中均有表达,在脾、心、肝及肠组织中表达水平较高,在肌肉组织中表达量最低。感染嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila) 12 h后,中华鳖MHCⅡα mRNA在肝和肠组织中的表达显著上调;感染1 d时,在脾组织中的表达显著上调;感染1 d及5 d时,在肾组织中的表达显著上调。研究表明,中华鳖MHCⅡα基因参与了中华鳖免疫反应。     

矮化中间砧苹果施氮位置对细根分布、氮素吸收和产量品质的影响

为明确矮化中间砧苹果树合理的施肥位置,减少氮肥的浪费。试验于2018年和2019年,以‘烟富3’苹果/SH6/八棱海棠为试材,借助¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了萌芽前在树冠投影范围距树干由近及远的3个水平距离——内环、中环和外环施氮对新梢旺长期细根和土壤¹⁵N分布、树体¹⁵N吸收以及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:各处理的苹果细根(直径≤2 mm)根长密度均在水平方向和垂直方向呈衰减规律,主要分布在距离树干水平方向0～100 cm、垂直方向0～40 cm土层范围;与不施肥(对照)相比,施氮增加了细根根长密度,以施氮区内细根根长密度增加最为显著;从垂直方向0～20 cm土层施氮区细根根长密度增加量来看,内环施氮处理增幅最大,为对照的1.33倍～1.36倍,其次是中环施氮处理。各处理土壤¹⁵N含量峰值在水平方向均出现在施氮区域,在垂直方向均出现在0～20 cm土层。不同处理间树体细根根长密度与土壤¹⁵N分布空间吻合度(RLD-¹⁵N)差异显著,内环施氮处理显著高...     

菲律宾蛤仔4个野生群体的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直电泳技术对黄、渤海沿岸4个野生菲律宾蛤仔群体的同工酶进行了检测,8种同工酶共记录了18个基因座位,其中Est-1、Est-2、Sod-1、Sod-2、Ldh-1和Ldh-2共6个位点是多态的,多态座位百分数为33.33%。测得4群体平均等位基因数目为1.4412,平均有效等位基因数目1.1260,平均实际杂合度0.0570,平均期望杂合度0.0825,Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数-0.2358,表明菲律宾蛤仔4个野生群体的遗传多样性属偏低水平。