华北半干旱区土壤养分和植被特征的小尺度空间异质性研究

A field experiment was conducted at Kezuohouqi County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, which was located on the southeastern edge of the Horqin Sandy Land, to study the spatial variability of soil nutrients for a small-scale, nutrient-poor, sandy site in a semi-arid region of northern China; to investigate whether or not there were ＂islands of fertility＂ at the experimental site; and to determine the key nutrient elements that sustained ecosystem stability. Results obtained from geostatistical analysis indicated that the spatial distribution pattern of soil total nitrogen （STN） was far different from those of soil organic matter （SOM）, total phosphorus （STP）, and total potassium （STK）. Compared to SOM, STP, and STK, STN had a lower structural heterogeneity ratio and a longer range, while other elements were all similar. In addition, STN had an isotropic spatial structure, whereas the others had an anisotropic spatial structure. The spatial structure patterns of herbage species, cover, and height also differed, indicating that spatial variability was subjected to different ecological factors. Differences in the spatial variability patterns among soil nutrients and vegetation properties showed that soil nutrients for a small-scale were not the primary limiting factors that influenced herbage spatial distribution patterns. Incorporating spatial distribution patterns of tree species, namely, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. and shrub Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. in a research plot and using fractal dimension, SOM, STP, and STK were shown to contribute to the ＂islands of fertility＂ phenomenon, however STN was not, possibly meaning that nitrogen was a key limiting element. Therefore, during restoration of similar ecosystems more attention should be given to soil nitrogen.     

大气CO2浓度的升高、施氮及土壤水分对春小麦干物质积累和氮吸收的影响

Spring wheat (Thiticum aestivum L.cv.Dingxi No.8654) was treated with two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol^-1),two levels of soil moisture (well-watered and drought) and five rates of nitrogen fertilizer(0,50,100,150,and 200 mg kg^-1 soil) to study the atmospheric CO2 concentration effect on dry matter accumulation and N uptake of spring wheat.The effects of CO2 enrichment of the shoot and total mass depended largely on soil nitrogen level,and the shoot and total mass increased significantly in the moderate to high N treatments but did not increase significantly in the low N treatment.Enriched CO2 concentration did not increase more shoot and total mass in the drought treatment than in the well-watered treatment.Thus,elevated CO2 did not ameliorate the depressive effects of drought and nitrogen stress.In addition,root mass decreased slightly and root/shoot ratio decreased significantly due to CO2 enrichment in no N treatment under well-watered condition.Enriched CO2 decreased shoot N content and shoot and total N uptake;but it reduced root N content and uptake slightly.Shoot critical N concentration was lower for spring wheat grown at 700 μmol mol^-1 CO2 than at 350μmol mol^-1 CO2 in both well-watered and drought treatments. The critical N concentrations were 16 and 19 g kg^-1 for the well-watered treatment and drought treatment at elevated CO2 and 21 and 26 g kg^-1 at ambient CO2,respectively. The reductions in the movement of nutrients to the plant roots through mass flow due to the enhancement in WUE (water use efficiency) and the increase in N use efficiency at elevated CO2 could elucidate the reduction of shoot and root N concentrations.     

家蚕核糖体的提取及其Sarcin/Ricin结构域的初步鉴定

用超速离心结合密度梯度离心法从蚕蛹中提取家蚕80S核糖体,经尿素变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,结果表明家蚕核糖体的RNA同大鼠核糖体RNA在序列长度上有明显差异,家蚕5.8S rRNA高于大鼠5.8S rRNA,而家蚕5S rRNA的序列长度则略低于大鼠。用核糖体失活蛋白R ic in分析鉴定家蚕核糖体的Sarc in/R ic in结构域,结果是家蚕Sarc in/R ic in结构域比大鼠Sarc in/R ic in结构域离28S rRNA的3′末端更近。     

优化的小鼠STO细胞系重编程多功能干细胞的建立

研究鼠胚成纤维细胞系STO (SIM-6-thiogunanie-oualiain)诱导为多功能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells),(STO-iPSCs).通过磷酸钙法将连接有Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和c-Myc 4个转录因子的慢病毒载体FUW-OSKM转染293FT细胞包装病毒,然后用病毒感染STO细胞,以干细胞培养条件培养.挑取诱导15d的克隆并在有饲养层和无饲养层的培养体系中培养.对获取的STO-iPSCs进行生物学特性分析,具有典型胚胎干细胞的形态特征,碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性;qPCR结果表明,表达很高的原癌基因Nanog和Oct4 mRNAs;免疫细胞化学表明,表达胚胎干细胞特异性标志Nanog和Oct4,并且能够体外诱导分化为神经细胞.实验获得了STO-iPSCs,建立了STO-iPSCs无饲养层培养体系.     

绒山羊成纤维细胞生长因子5基因(FGF5)毛囊特异性表达载体的构建及转染胎儿成纤维细胞

绒山羊的绒毛品质、产量与皮肤毛囊的生长发育密切相关。本研究旨在构建绒山羊(Capra hircus)成纤维细胞生长因子5基因(fibroblast growth factor 5,FGF5)的毛囊特异性表达载体,并证明其表达的有效性。分别以绒山羊基因组和c DNA为模板,利用PCR方法克隆角蛋白关联蛋白6-1(keratin associated protein 6-1,KAP6-1)基因的启动子和FGF5基因的编码区序列(coding sequence,CDS),并将这两个元件连接到去除CMV启动子的真核表达载体p EGFP-N1上,FGF5与增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)基因表达框之间以猪捷申病毒(Porcine teschovirus,PTV)2A(P2A)相连,构建毛囊特异性表达载体p EGFP-N1-KF。表达载体转染绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞后,对细胞表达产物进行q RT-PCR和Western blot检测。酶切鉴定结果表明,载体p EGFP-N1-KF构建成功;q RT-PCR结果表明,FGF5正常表达;Western blot结果显示,P2A能够有效剪切FGF5和EGFP融合蛋白。表明成功得到了绒山羊FGF5基因的毛囊特异性表达载体并在绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞中能正常表达。本实验为进一步研究绒山羊FGF5基因在毛囊发育和周期调控中的作用提供了技术支持。     

塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响

Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent.     

农业基础设施投入对不同粮食作物产出的影响研究

农业基础设施被视为推进"藏粮于地"与"藏粮于技"战略的重要载体,研究农业基础设施投入对不同粮食作物产出的差异效应,有利于提高农业基础设施的投资效率,更好地保障国家粮食安全。基于农业基础设施对粮食产出影响的理论分析,以三大主粮作物的主产区域为研究对象,采用FGLS等计量方法,分析农业基础设施以及农田水利、农业电力、农村交通等三类主要基础设施对三大主粮作物的产出效应差异。实证结果表明:整体上,农业基础设施对水稻与小麦两种作物产出有显著的正向影响,影响系数分别为0.052 3和0.110 8;农业基础设施对玉米作物产出则不明显。细分农业基础设施的类型来看,农田水利设施对水稻与玉米两种作物产出有显著的正向影响,影响系数分别为0.673 4和0.288 0;农业电力设施对小麦产出有显著的正向影响,影响系数为0.066 0。因此,提出农业基础设施建设资金要向水稻与小麦主产区域倾斜;要因地制宜推进农业基础设施建设,在水稻和玉米主产区域加强农田水利设施建设,在小麦主产区域加强农业电力设施建设等政策建议。     

Genetic diversity of Tainan-white maize inbred lines and prediction of single cross hybrid performance using RAPD markers

To evaluate the genetic diversity of 13 maize inbred lines, and to determine the correlation between genetic distance and single cross hybrid performance, we employed the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)- a PCR-based technique. Six of these lines came from the Taichung population, and others derived from seven different sites. Forty different primers were used to give a total of 646 reproducible amplification products, 547 (84.7%) of them being polymorphic. Genetic divergence was determined using Jaccard's similarity coefficient, and a final dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical averages) cluster analysis in the CLUSTER procedure of the SAS system. The RAPD analysis was a useful tool in determining the extent of genetic diversity among Tainan-white maize inbred lines in the present case. Cluster analysis showed that the 13 inbred lines could be classified into distinct heterotic groups. There was no significant linear regression of grain dry weight heterosis value and mean performance of hybrids on genetic distance. And their coefficients of determination(R²) are small, so that predictive value is limited. The present results showed that the Jaccard's similarity coefficients based on RAPD data cannot be used to precisely predict the F₁ hybrids yield performance and heterosis value. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

技术进步在促进农业发展方式转变中的作用

在界定农业发展方式转变内涵的基础上,分析技术进步促进农业发展方式转变的作用机理.结果表明,通过技术进步可以促进农业生产方式、农业产业结构、农业经营方式、农业产业组织形式、农业投资方式等方面的发展,最终使农业发展方式得以转变,实现农业可持续发展.