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1.
Francesco Margiotta Laura Micheli Clara Ciampi Carla Ghelardini J. Michael McIntosh Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli 《Marine drugs》2022,20(12)
Conus regius is a marine venomous mollusk of the Conus genus that captures its prey by injecting a rich cocktail of bioactive disulfide bond rich peptides called conotoxins. These peptides selectively target a broad range of ion channels, membrane receptors, transporters, and enzymes, making them valuable pharmacological tools and potential drug leads. C. regius-derived conotoxins are particularly attractive due to their marked potency and selectivity against specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes, whose signalling is involved in pain, cognitive disorders, drug addiction, and cancer. However, the species-specific differences in sensitivity and the low stability and bioavailability of these conotoxins limit their clinical development as novel therapeutic agents for these disorders. Here, we give an overview of the main pharmacological features of the C. regius-derived conotoxins described so far, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying their potential therapeutic effects. Additionally, we describe adoptable chemical engineering solutions to improve their pharmacological properties for future potential clinical translation. 相似文献
2.
Ana Clara B Menezes Kacie L McCarthy Cierrah J Kassetas Friederike Baumgaertner James D Kirsch Sheri Dorsam Tammi L Neville Alison K Ward Pawel P Borowicz Lawrence P Reynolds Kevin K Sedivec J Chris Forcherio Ronald Scott Joel S Caton Carl R Dahlen 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(2)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplement and (or) rate of gain (GAIN) during early gestation on amino acid (AA) concentrations in allantoic fluid (ALF) and amniotic fluid (AMF) and maternal serum. Seventy-two crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of VTM supplement (VTM or NoVTM) and rate of gain (GAIN; low gain [LG], 0.28 kg/d, vs. moderate gain [MG], 0.79 kg/d). The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer−1•d−1, provided macro and trace minerals and vitamins A, D, and E to meet 110% of the requirements specified by the NASEM in Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/19014, 2016) was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). To complete the factorial arrangement of treatments, at breeding heifers were either maintained on the basal diet (LG), or received MG diet which was implemented by adding a protein/energy supplement to the LG diet. Thirty-five gestating heifers with female fetuses were ovariohysterectomized on d 83 of gestation and maternal serum, ALF, and AMF were collected. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of neutral AA: Ala, Asn, Cys, Gln, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, and Val; cationic AA: Arg, His, and Lys; and anionic AA: Asp and Glu. In serum, a VTM × GAIN interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for Glu, with greater concentrations for VTM-LG than VTM-MG. Concentrations of serum Cys, Met, and Trp were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for MG than LG. In ALF, concentrations of Glu were affected by a VTM × GAIN interaction, where VTM-MG was greater (P < 0.01) than all other treatments. Further, ALF from VTM had increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of His, Asp, and 12 of the 14 neutral AA; whereas GAIN affected concentrations of Arg, Cys, and Asp, with greater concentrations (P ≤ 0.05) in MG heifers. In AMF, AA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by VTM, GAIN, or their interaction. In conclusion, increased concentrations of AA in maternal serum and ALF of beef heifers were observed at d 83 of gestation in response to VTM supplementation and rate of gain of 0.79 kg/d, which raises important questions regarding the mechanisms responsible for AA uptake and balance between the maternal circulation and fetal fluid compartments. 相似文献
3.
Matthew S Crouse Kyle J McLean Josephine Dwamena Tammi L Neville Ana Clara B Menezes Alison K Ward Lawrence P Reynolds Carl R Dahlen Bryan W Neville Pawel P Borowicz Joel S Caton 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(1)
We hypothesized that maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation would influence the abundance of hexose transporters, SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC2A5, and cationic amino acid transporters, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2, in heifer uteroplacental tissues. Angus-cross heifers (n = 43) were estrus synchronized, bred via artificial insemination, and assigned at breeding to 1 of 2 dietary intake groups (CON = 100% of requirements to achieve 0.45 kg/d of BW gain or RES = 60% of CON intake) and ovariohysterectomized on day 16, 34, or 50 of gestation (n = 6 to 9/d) in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Uterine cross-sections were collected from the horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, sectioned at 5 µm, and stained via immunofluorescence for transporters. For each image, areas of fetal membrane (FM; chorioallantois), luminal epithelium (ENDO), superficial glands (SG), deep glands (DG), and myometrium (MYO) were analyzed separately for relative intensity of fluorescence as an indicator of transporter abundance. Analysis of FM was only conducted for days 34 and 50. No transporters in target areas were influenced by a day × treatment interaction (P ≥ 0.06). In ENDO, all transporters were differentially abundant from days 16 to 50 of gestation (P ≤ 0.04), and SLC7A2 was greater (P = 0.05) for RES vs. CON. In SG, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 were greater (P ≤ 0.04) at day 34 vs. day 16. In DG, SLC2A3 and SLC7A1 were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. RES heifers; furthermore, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) at day 50 vs. days 16 and 34 of gestation. In MYO, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES and was greater (P = 0.02) at days 34 and 50 vs. day 16. There were no differences in FM (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of all uterine tissues at day 16 determined that SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC7A2 were all differentially abundant across uterine tissue type (P < 0.01), and SLC7A1 was greater (P = 0.02) for CON vs. RES. Analysis of all uteroplacental tissues at days 34 and 50 demonstrated that all transporters differed (P < 0.01) across uteroplacental tissues, and SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES. These data are interpreted to imply that transporters are differentially affected by day of gestation, and that hexose and cationic amino acid transporters are differentially abundant across utero-placental tissue types, and that SLC7A1 is responsive to maternal nutritional treatment. 相似文献
4.
5.
Mario Augusto Pagnotta Linda Mondini Pasquale Codianni Clara Fares 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(3):299-310
Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank, 2n = 4x = 28) consists in a hulled wheat; its cultivation has been drastically reduced during the last century as a consequence of
its low yield. Recently, its agronomic and nutritive values, as well as the increase of popularity of organic agriculture,
have led to a renewed interest making its cultivation economically viable in the marginal lands with an increase of the cultivated
areas. In Italy, it mainly survives in few marginal lands of central and southern Italy, where local varieties, adapted to
the natural environment from where they originate, are used; moreover, some selected lines have also been developed. In the
present work, agro-morphological and qualitative traits, together with molecular analyses of 20 emmer accessions consisting
of Italian landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars, were performed. The field experiments were conducted for two consecutive
years (2001/2002–2002/2003) in two locations: Viterbo in central Italy, and Foggia in south Italy. The analyzed emmer wheat
accessions showed a good amount of genetic variability for both evaluated agro-morphological and molecular traits. This study
illustrates an increase in earliness, GY, TW, TKW, and YI going from landraces, breeding lines to cultivars, while the variability
does not change proportionally. 相似文献
6.
Isolation,purification, and biochemical characterization of a novel water soluble protein from Inca peanut (Plukenetia volubilis L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sathe SK Hamaker BR Sze-Tao KW Venkatachalam M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(17):4906-4908
A water soluble storage albumin from Inca peanut (IPA) accounted for approximately 25% (w/w) of defatted seed flour weight, representing 31% of the total seed protein. IPA is a 3S storage protein composed of two glycosylated polypeptides, with estimated molecular weights (MW) of 32800 and 34800 Da, respectively. IPA has an estimated sugar content of 4.8% +/- 0.92% (n = 6). IPA is a basic protein (pI of approximately 9.4) and contains all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts when compared to the FAO/WHO recommended pattern for a human adult. The tryptophan content of IPA is unusually high (44 mg/g of protein), whereas the phenylalanine content is low (9 mg/g of protein). IPA is a highly digestible protein in vitro. 相似文献
7.
Rehbein S Holste JE Doucet MY Fenger C Paul AJ Reinemeyer CR Smith LL Yoon S Marley SE 《Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine》2003,4(3):220-227
The efficacy of an oral formulation of ivermectin plus praziquantel in the reduction of nematode and cestode egg counts in horses was assessed in 273 horses under field conditions at 15 sites in North America (n = 6) and Europe (n = 9). Horses were confirmed by fecal examination to have natural infections of strongyles (100%) and tapeworms (76%). Replicates of four horses were formed at each site, and in each replicate three animals received ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight) plus praziquantel (1 mg/kg body weight) oral paste and one animal remained untreated or received vehicle paste. Fecal samples were collected for fecal nematode and cestode egg counting before and 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, and 16 days after treatment. Horses treated with ivermectin plus praziquantel oral paste had significantly (P <.01) lower posttreatment strongylid and cestode egg counts (reductions of 98% or more) than controls. Combined site analyses revealed that 95% or 96% of the horses positive for cestode eggs before treatment that were treated with ivermectin plus praziquantel were negative for cestode eggs at each posttreatment fecal examination. No adverse reactions attributable to ivermectin plus praziquantel oral paste treatments were observed. The results of the studies demonstrated that ivermectin plus praziquantel paste was highly effective in reducing egg shedding by gastrointestinal nematodes and cestodes, and no adverse reactions were observed in horses treated under field conditions. 相似文献
8.
Influence of lidocaine and diazepam on peri-induction intraocular pressures in dogs anesthetized with propofol–atracurium
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Erik H. Hofmeister Clara O. Williams Christina Braun Phillip Anthony Moore 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2006,70(4):251-256
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on the intraocular pressure (IOP) of lidocaine or diazepam administered intravenously (IV) before induction of anesthesia with propofol-atracurium and orotracheal intubation in normal dogs, as well as the effects on the IOP of lidocaine applied topically to the larynx after induction with propofol-atracurium. We randomly assigned 32 random-source dogs, obtained from municipal pounds, to receive the following: lidocaine, 2 mg/kg IV, with saline, 0.1 mL/kg topically applied to the larynx (LIDOsal); saline, 0.1 mL/kg IV, with lidocaine, 2 mg/kg topically applied to the larynx (SALlido); diazepam (Valium), 0.25 mg/kg IV, with saline, 0.1 mL/kg topically applied to the larynx (VALsal); or saline, 0.1 mL/kg IV, with saline, 0.1 mL/kg topically applied to the larynx (SALsal). We measured arterial pressure directly, by means of an indwelling catheter placed in a peripheral artery. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, 8 mg/kg IV, until loss of jaw tone, followed by atracurium, 0.3 mg/kg IV. We measured the IOP in triplicate in each eye before premedication, before induction, before intubation, and after intubation. After induction, the IOP was significantly increased except in the VALsal group, in which the IOP was significantly lower than in the negative-control group before intubation. After intubation, the IOP was significantly elevated in all the groups compared with the values before induction. Cardiovascular parameters were essentially similar in all the groups, except for a significant increase in blood pressure after intubation in the SALlido group. Thus, propofol-atracurium anesthesia causes an increase in IOP that is blunted by diazepam. However, diazepam does not blunt the increase in IOP observed with intubation. 相似文献
9.
10.
Clara I. Nicholls Michael P. Parrella Miguel A. Altieri 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1998,3(2):99-109
This paper analyses the state of the art of biological control of greenhouse pests with special reference to Colombia, one of the world's largest producers of cut flowers. After a discussion of the use and impacts of selected natural enemies on a variety of arthropod pests in greenhouses, suggestions on how to enhance the effectiveness of inundative release strategies further to achieve successful biological control of key pests are provided. 相似文献