生物质炭对坡耕地紫色土中抗生素吸附-解吸及迁移的影响

以磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶和氟苯尼考为目标抗生素,通过室内批量平衡试验研究施用生物质炭(投加量0、2.145和28.65 kg/m²,经3 a田间老化)对石灰性紫色土中抗生素等温吸附-解吸特征的影响;并利用长20 m、宽5 m的坡耕地(6°)野外小区,开展面施2.145 kg/m²生物质炭和在坡底构建一定宽度(40 cm)和深度(40 cm)含28.65 kg/m²生物质炭可渗透反应土墙试验,研究两种不同生物质炭施用方式对暴雨条件下抗生素迁移行为的影响。结果表明:生物质炭的添加显著增强紫色土对抗生素的吸附与固持作用,其等温吸附和解吸行为均能被Freundlich方程较好地拟合;不论施炭与否,磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲基嘧啶都表现为非线性吸附,而对于K_ow值最低的氟苯尼考,生物质炭的施用则为其引入了新的非线性吸附机制。耕作层面施生物质炭能更有效地阻控抗生素向深层土壤的垂向淋失迁移;在坡底修建生物质炭可渗透反应土墙(顶端构筑为地埂-边沟)则能更大幅度地削减抗生素随地表径流的输出负荷,其中以对正辛醇-水分配系数最...     

Assessing Molybdenum Adsorption onto an Industrial Soil and Iron Minerals

Spatial accuracy of hydrologic modeling inputs influences the output from hydrologic models. A pertinent question is to know the optimal level of soil sampling or how many soil samples are needed for model input, in order to improve model predictions. In this study, measured soil properties were clustered into five different configurations as inputs to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulation of the Castor River watershed (11-km² area) in southern Quebec, Canada. SWAT is a process-based model that predicts the impacts of climate and land use management on water yield, sediment, and nutrient fluxes. SWAT requires geographical information system inputs such as the digital elevation model as well as soil and land use maps. Mean values of soil properties are used in soil polygons (soil series); thus, the spatial variability of these properties is neglected. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of spatial variability of soil properties on the prediction of runoff, sediment, and total phosphorus using SWAT. The spatial clustering of the measured soil properties was undertaken using the regionalized with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning method. Measured soil data were clustered into 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 heterogeneous regions. Soil data from the Castor watershed which have been used in previous studies was also set up and termed “Reference”. Overall, there was no significant difference in runoff simulation across the five configurations including the reference. This may be attributable to SWAT's use of the soil conservation service curve number method in flow simulation. Therefore having high spatial resolution inputs for soil data may not necessarily improve predictions when they are used in hydrologic modeling.     

生物质炭施用及老化对石灰性紫色土中磺胺类抗生素迁移特征的影响

以长江上游低山丘陵区广泛分布的石灰性紫色土旱地的耕作层土壤为对象,采用室内批量平衡吸附试验和填装土柱穿透试验,研究了施用1%生物质炭及3年老化作用对2种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲基嘧啶)吸附和迁移特征的影响。结果表明,Freundlich方程能更好地拟合抗生素在土壤中的等温吸附曲线,施用生物质炭提高了土壤对抗生素的吸附能力,吸附常数KF值依次为:老化1%施炭土>新鲜1%施炭土>对照土;土柱出流液的磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲基嘧啶相对浓度峰值均表现为:老化1%施炭土<新鲜1%施炭土<对照土,说明生物质炭的添加能有效减少控制紫色土中抗生素的淋失迁移,以对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的阻控效果较好;生物质炭老化3 a后土壤对抗生素的吸附作用与阻控效果均有所提高,主要归因于土壤pH的提高。     

基于农用地分等的基本农田补划案例分析

耕地特别是基本农田的占补平衡,直接关系着粮食安全,基本农田数量和质量的占补平衡意义重大。该文将农用地分等成果应用于基本农田补划,借助于GIS空间分析技术,研究补划过程中被占基本农田区位的确定与综合数量和质量的测算,同时提出了补划为基本农田的一般农田的选择依据,主要包括一般农田的质量等级、与交通沿线及城镇农村居民点距离以及保持补划后基本农田的集中连片程度等,在此基础上,利用GIS确定补划为基本农田的一般农田的区位和地块。