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1.
Hellal F Hurtado A Ruschel J Flynn KC Laskowski CJ Umlauf M Kapitein LC Strikis D Lemmon V Bixby J Hoogenraad CC Bradke F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6019):928-931
Hypertrophic scarring and poor intrinsic axon growth capacity constitute major obstacles for spinal cord repair. These processes are tightly regulated by microtubule dynamics. Here, moderate microtubule stabilization decreased scar formation after spinal cord injury in rodents through various cellular mechanisms, including dampening of transforming growth factor-β signaling. It prevented accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and rendered the lesion site permissive for axon regeneration of growth-competent sensory neurons. Microtubule stabilization also promoted growth of central nervous system axons of the Raphe-spinal tract and led to functional improvement. Thus, microtubule stabilization reduces fibrotic scarring and enhances the capacity of axons to grow. 相似文献
2.
A D Alstad H H Casper L J Johnson 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1985,187(7):729-731
Dicumarol poisoning was reproduced by feeding naturally spoiled, sweet clover hay, which contained a minimum of 90 ppm dicumarol. Vitamin K1 administered IM was effective in treating the disease at dosages of 1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 mg/kg of body weight. Vitamin K3 treatment by various routes and dosages was ineffective. 相似文献
3.
T L McMahon H H Casper 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1984,67(5):1026-1028
Four forage samples were analyzed by 16 laboratories for KNO3 content. Individual reported KNO3 values varied widely for each sample; coefficients of variation for the 4 samples were 36.0, 51.0, 12.8, and 55.0%. Recovery of KNO3 from the spiked sample averaged 105%. The analytical results, as a group, were unacceptable both statistically and for use in feeding recommendations. Three values reported could have resulted in feeding potentially toxic forage to livestock. 相似文献
4.
Zhu Y Murali S Stoller MD Ganesh KJ Cai W Ferreira PJ Pirkle A Wallace RM Cychosz KA Thommes M Su D Stach EA Ruoff RS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6037):1537-1541
Supercapacitors, also called ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, store electrical charge on high-surface-area conducting materials. Their widespread use is limited by their low energy storage density and relatively high effective series resistance. Using chemical activation of exfoliated graphite oxide, we synthesized a porous carbon with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of up to 3100 square meters per gram, a high electrical conductivity, and a low oxygen and hydrogen content. This sp(2)-bonded carbon has a continuous three-dimensional network of highly curved, atom-thick walls that form primarily 0.6- to 5-nanometer-width pores. Two-electrode supercapacitor cells constructed with this carbon yielded high values of gravimetric capacitance and energy density with organic and ionic liquid electrolytes. The processes used to make this carbon are readily scalable to industrial levels. 相似文献
5.
Jacobsen S Niewold TA Halling-Thomsen M Nanni S Olsen E Lindegaard C Andersen PH 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,110(3-4):325-330
The aim of the study was to determine the intraarticular serum amyloid A (SAA) response pattern in horses with inflammatory arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis was induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the radiocarpal joint of four horses. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected before and at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 h after injection. Concentrations of SAA were measured by immunoturbidometry, and expression of SAA isoforms was visualized by denaturing isoelectric focusing and Western blotting. The LPS injection caused systemic and local clinical signs of inflammation. Serum amyloid A appeared in serum and SF within 8 h after LPS injection. Isoelectric focusing showed three major SAA bands with apparent isoelectric points (pI) of 7.9, 8.6, and >9.3 in serum and SF. Synovial fluid contained two additional isoforms with highly alkaline apparent pI values (apparent pI value extrapolated from standard curve = 10.0 and 10.2), which were not present in any of the serum samples. In conclusion, intraarticular injection of LPS induced systemic and local inflammatory responses in the horses. By demonstrating SF-specific SAA isoforms the results of the present study suggest that SAA is synthesized locally in the equine inflamed joint, similar to what has been demonstrated in humans previously. The marked local SAA synthesis suggests an important pathophysiological role in inflammatory arthritis. 相似文献
6.
Zira Mavunganidze Ignacio Casper Madakadze Justice Nyamangara Paramu Mafongoya Nester Mashingaidze 《Weed Research》2020,60(5):334-342
Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses. 相似文献
7.
Prince M. Matova Casper N. Kamutando Marilyn L. Warburton W. Paul Williams Cosmos Magorokosho Hussein Shimelis Maryke Labuschagne Roger Day Manje Gowda 《Plant Breeding》2023,142(1):1-11
Deploying maize varieties with fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]; FAW) resistance, desirable product profiles (PPs) and climate resilience is fundamental for food and economic security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study reviewed and identified challenges and opportunities for effective and accelerated breeding of demand-led maize hybrids with FAW resistance and adaptation to the diverse agro-ecologies of SSA. Lessons were drawn on improving breeding efficiency through adequate genetic variation delivered via prebreeding programmes, speed breeding and a reduced breeding stage plan. Appropriate PPs aligned with demand-led breeding approaches were highlighted as foundations for variety design and commercialization. Challenges to accelerated FAW resistance breeding in maize included inadequate funds and modern tools; poor adaptation of some exotic donor parental lines; lack of information on FAW resistance among local varieties; lack of integration of molecular markers associated with FAW resistance and agronomic traits into selection plans; and limited infrastructure for FAW rearing and germplasm screening. Integration of modern breeding tools and scientific innovations were recommended for accelerated development and release of FAW resistant and market-preferred maize varieties. 相似文献
8.
试验旨在测定β-葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶的混合物(EBP)对生长猪粪消化率(FD)、表观回肠消化率(AID)、标准回肠消化率和后肠消化率的影响。12头安装回肠瘘管的生长阉公猪,体重为(38.2±0.5)kg,单独饲养在代谢箱中,按照先前的饲料摄入量编号到3个组中,每组4头。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,试猪随机分配到每组(方)3个重复的4个处理中。处理分别为基础饲粮(基础),基础+0.05%EBP(0.05%EBP),基础+0.10%EBP(0.10%EBP)及水解酪蛋白,水解酪蛋白用以测定内源氨基酸。基础饲粮含玉米和豆粕,其营养水平计算值分别为代谢能3.36Meal·kg^-1,总赖氨酸1.1%。在第一阶段,拉丁方的每个重复的饲粮采食量是预试阶段4头试猪最小饲料采食量的85%,且每组相等。每个继发阶段饲养水平提高100g·d^-1。每个试验阶段14d,其中饲粮适应期4d,粪便收集期5d、过渡期3d和回肠收集期2d。每天间隔12h连续收集回肠流出物。与栗食基础饲粮的猪相比。采食EBP的猪干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、能量、粗蛋白(CP)、非纤维性碳水化合物、总饲粮纤维、不溶饲粮纤维、酸水解脂肪、灰分、钙(Ca)和磷(P)的FD显著升高(P〈0.05)。饲粮中添加EBP0.05%或0.10%,试猪中性洗荆纤维(NDF)和半纤维素的AID显著升高(P〈0.05),但是DM和能量的AID没有增加。与采食基础饲粮的试猪相比,采食EBP的试猪酸水解脂肪的AID趋向于升高(P〈O.051)。各处理间多数氨基酸的回肠消化率没有显著差异,但是EBP显著降低蛋氨酸、丙氨酸和丝氨酸的表观、标准消化率(P〈0.05))。与采食基础饲粮的试猪相比,采食EBP的试猪半纤维素的FD与AID的差异显著减小(P〈0.05)。结果显示,生长猪采食EBP能改善DM、OM、能量、CP、非纤维碳水化合物、总饲粮纤维? 相似文献
9.
Andrzej Bobiec Haico van der Burgt Kim Meijer Casper Zuyderduyn Jos Haga Bastiaan Vlaanderen 《Forest Ecology and Management》2000,130(1-3)
The Bia
owie
a Primeval Forest, Poland, is the only forest area in temperate Europe where large tracts of natural forest communities have been conserved. The concept of silvatic mosaic [Oldeman, R.A.A., 1990. Forests: Elements of Silvology. Springer, Berlin] was applied in order to characterise the structure of stands representing oak–lime–hornbeam forest in both, the restricted area of Bia
owie
a National Park (BNP) and the commercial forests (CF), as well as to indicate a holistic approach towards protection and restoration of natural areas.Six developmental phases of stands were distinguished and defined: regeneration, young, pole, late pole, optimal, and terminal. Compositional and structural differences between the first five phases were also evaluated and visualised. Moreover, the considerable differences between analogous phases in BNP and CF were found. The uniform stand patches were mapped into two plots in BNP (25 ha each) and two in CF (25 and 20 ha), with a resolution of 10 m× 10 m pixels.The mosaic composition of natural communities indicates close-to-the equilibrium stage: the biostatic optimal phase occupies 33–40% of the area, while aggradational younger phases share nearly the same portion of the area as the senescent phase does. Although small, 0.01–0.04 ha eco-units dominate in BNP, there is a considerable portion of intermediate and large patches, indicating a complex character of factors responsible for the mosaic structure of natural stands in BNP. Both, composition and texture analyses indicate that the area of 25 ha is close to the minimum structure area specific for the communities studied.The comparison of natural and managed stands revealed large deficits of the optimal phase (only 19%) and a total absence of the terminal one in the managed area (20–35% in natural forest). Also the mosaic texture of CF plots was simplified because of standardisation of the management unit size. The modification of developmental phases, mosaic composition, and structure must lead to changes in the dynamics of the entire community. The present study demonstrates that the natural forest should be considered as a dynamic supersystem, covering a sufficient area to allow the developmental phases to perform in correct proportions. Because of differences in the durability of various phases, the natural cycle of forest development has an asynchronous and highly unpredictable character. Indeed, the applicability of multipurpose forestry rules as a tool of nature conservation has been questioned. An absolute ban on cutting in the remaining old-growth stands should be a basic rule for the restoration management. 相似文献
10.
Surplus production modelling has a long history as a method for managing data‐limited fish stocks. Recent advancements have cast surplus production models as state‐space models that separate random variability of stock dynamics from error in observed indices of biomass. We present a stochastic surplus production model in continuous time (SPiCT), which in addition to stock dynamics also models the dynamics of the fisheries. This enables error in the catch process to be reflected in the uncertainty of estimated model parameters and management quantities. Benefits of the continuous‐time state‐space model formulation include the ability to provide estimates of exploitable biomass and fishing mortality at any point in time from data sampled at arbitrary and possibly irregular intervals. We show in a simulation that the ability to analyse subannual data can increase the effective sample size and improve estimation of reference points relative to discrete‐time analysis of aggregated annual data. Finally, subannual data from five North Sea stocks are analysed with particular focus on using residual analysis to diagnose model insufficiencies and identify necessary model extensions such as robust estimation and incorporation of seasonality. We argue that including all known sources of uncertainty, propagation of that uncertainty to reference points and checking of model assumptions using residuals are critical prerequisites to rigorous fish stock management based on surplus production models. 相似文献