Sperm preparation through Sephadex™ filtration improves in vitro fertilization rate of buffalo oocytes

Routinely, swim‐up method is used to separate high‐quality sperm; however, long processing time and close cell‐to‐cell contact during the centrifugation step are inevitable elements of oxidative stress to sperm. The objective was to evaluate Sephadex^? and glass wool filtration to separate motile, intact and viable sperm for in vitro fertilization in buffalo. The cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC s) were collected from ovaries of slaughtered buffaloes by aspiration and matured for 24 hr in CO ₂ incubator at 38.5°C and 5% CO ₂. Matured COC s were rinsed twice in fertilization TALP and placed in the pre‐warmed fertilization medium without sperm. Cryopreserved buffalo semen was thawed at 37°C for 30 s and processed through Sephadex^?, glass wool filtration and swim‐up (control). Total and motile sperm recovery rates were assessed, resuspended in fertilization TALP and incubated for 15–20 min in CO ₂ incubator. Samples prepared by each method were divided into two aliquots: one aliquot was studied for sperm quality (progressive motility, membrane integrity, viability, liveability), while the other was subjected to co‐incubation with sets of 10–15 in vitro matured oocytes. Data on sperm quality were analysed by ANOVA , while in vitro fertilizing rates were compared by chi‐squared test using SPSS ‐20. Least significant difference (LSD ) test was used to compare treatment means. Glass wool filtration yielded higher total and motile sperm recovery rate, while Sephadex^? filtration improved (p  <  .05) sperm quality (progressive motility, membrane integrity, viability, liveability). Sperm preparation through Sephadex filtration yielded higher in vitro fertilization rate in terms of cleavage rate compared to glass wool filtration and swim‐up (control). In conclusion, cryopreserved Nili‐Ravi buffalo sperm selected through Sephadex filtration showed improved quality and yielded better fertilization rates (cleavage rate) of in vitro matured/fertilized oocytes. Sephadex filtration could be a promising technique for use in in vitro fertilization in buffalo.     

蘑菇圈形成机理及其生态学意义

简要总结了蘑菇圈的概念、形状和大小及有文献报道的蘑菇圈产生菌,分析了蘑菇圈生长特性和形成机理,论述了蘑菇圈对圈上植物和圈中土壤生态系统的影响,提出应加强蘑菇圈产生菌繁殖和进化机制及营养方式的研究。     

丘陵红壤橘园不同地面管理措施的经济生态效益研究

A three-year experiment was conducted to investigate and compare the economic and ecological benefits of six types of vegetation management measures in citrus orchards of the hilly red soil region of the eastern part of China. Six vegetation treatments, including tillage without herbicide （clean tillage） and no tillage without herbicide （sod culture） and with herbicide paraquat （paraquat）, glyphosate （glyphosate）, glyphosate-glyphosate-paraquat （G-G-P）, and paraquatparaquat-glyphosate （P-P-G）, were applied in the citrus orchards on a clayey red soil with slopes of 8° and 13°and a sandy soil with slope of 25°. The results showed that the sod culture, paraquat, glyphosate, G-G-P, and P-P-G treatments reduced surface runoff by 38.8%, 42.5%, 18.7%, 28.7%, and 37.5%, then the soil-water losses by 55.5%, 51.7%, 39.9%, 46.8%, and 50.0%, and the N, P, and K nutrient losses by 60.3%, 50.2%, 37.0%, 41.8%, and 45.4%, respectively, as compared with the clean tillage treatment. The weed regeneration ratios with the treatments of clean tillage without herbicide, paraquat, glyphosate, G-G-P, and P-P-G were reduced by 55.1%, 67.2%, 30.3%, 36.8%, and 51.2%, respectively, as compared with the sod culture. The sod culture, paraquat, glyphosate, G-G-P, and P-P-G treatments could increase the soil fertility （annual accumulation of N, P, K, and OM） by 7.1%, 6.9%, 5.3%, 6.2%, and 6.6%, respectively, whereas the clean tillage treatment without herbicide reduced soil fertility by 4.4% after the three-year experiment. The citrus fruit yields in the treatments of paraquat, glyphosate, G-G-P, and P-P-G increased by 7%-10%; the soluble solid, total sugar, total acidity, sugar-acid ratio, and single fruit weight of citrus fruits of all treatments except sod culture significantly （P 〉 0.05） exceeded that of the clean tillage treatment. In general, the paraquat treatment showed the best economic and ecological benefits among the six treatments; therefore, it could be regarded as the best available vegetation     

Fractionation of flax shives by water and aqueous ammonia treatment in a pressurized low-polarity water extractor

Fractionation of flax shives into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with a two-stage extraction process using water and aqueous ammonia was carried out in a pressurized low-polarity water extractor operated at different temperatures, flow rates, and ammonia concentrations. During the first stage with water, 84% of hemicellulose and 32% of lignin were removed at 190 degrees C at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min for 30 min. During the second stage with aqueous ammonia, more than 77% of the lignin was removed, and hemicellulose removal reached 95% at 200 degrees C at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and with a solvent/feed ratio of 40 mL/g. The temperature and flow rate had a significant effect on lignin removal. The impact of additives (anthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide) and modifications (overnight soaking, reduced particle size, and elevated temperature) on lignin extraction was also studied. The combination of higher temperatures and reduced particle sizes resulted in enhanced lignin extraction. The extraction profiles of free phenolics (vanillin, acetovanillone, and vanillic acid) during the two-stage processing were monitored and compared with those of lignin.     

鱼类镀膜保鲜技术研究

以褐藻酸钙膜为主要镀膜材料,通过对石斑鱼、平鲷、真鲷、七星鲈、大黄鱼等几种鱼类在保鲜过程中鲜度指标Ｋ值、ＴＭＡ、ＶＢ－Ｎ及鱼体中细菌总数、感官指标的分析测定,研究了镀膜保鲜技术在这几种鱼类中的应用效果。研究发现,经镀膜的鱼在同等条件的保鲜过程中细菌总数远低于未镀膜的鱼,各项鲜度指标、感官指标也均明显优于未镀膜的鱼,采用镀膜保鲜技术有助利延长鱼类的保质期限、其保质期可延长４～５天。     

鱼类镀膜保鲜技术研究

以褐藻酸钙膜为主要镀膜材料,通过对石斑鱼、平鲷、真鲷、七星鲈、大黄鱼等几种鱼类在保鲜过程中鲜度指标Ｋ值、ＴＭＡ、ＶＢ－Ｎ及鱼体中细菌总数、感官指标的分析测定,研究了镀膜保鲜技术在这几种鱼类中的应用效果。研究发现,经镀膜的鱼在同等条件的保鲜过程中细菌总数远低于未镀膜的鱼,各项鲜度指标、感官指标也均明显优于未镀膜的鱼,采用镀膜保鲜技术有助利延长鱼类的保质期限、其保质期可延长４～５天。     

阿克苏河叶尔羌高原鳅Triplophysa(Hedinichthgs)yarkandensis(Day)生物学研究

本对阿克苏河叶尔羌高原鳅的形态特征、群体结构、繁殖、食性等生物学进行了研究。叶尔羌高原鳅体长分布在3．0～15．0cm之间，体重分布在1～33g之间。W=0．039748L^263049.Fulton肥满度雌体平均为1．54，雄体平均为1．46；Clark肥满度雌体平均为1．25，雄体平均1．16。雌体成熟个体最小体长为6．6cm，体重为5．5g，平均绝对怀卵量11543粒／尾。食性以底栖动物、水生昆虫以及鱼类幼体为主。     

不同土壤耕作法对作物产量及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

针对华北平原小麦—玉米两熟区不同土壤耕法下玉米产量及玉米生育期土壤硝态氮迁移进行研究,结果表明,翻耕模式下玉米产量最高,免耕下最低。在0~180 cm土体中,收获期与苗期相比,翻耕硝态氮含量平均减少了66.6%;旋耕平均减少了21.7%;免耕则平均减少了20.9%。累积峰出现的深度与硝态氮淋失有直接关系。对比3种模式,翻耕累积峰最深,硝态氮淋失威胁最大;免耕无明显累积峰。在施肥、灌溉等影响硝态氮淋失的可控因子以外,从耕作模式上研究硝态氮淋失是今后研究的方向。     

凉山不同产区光叶紫花苕植株植物学性状的分析研究

通过对6个不同产区凉山光叶紫花苕Vicia benghalensis综合性状分析,凉山光叶紫花苕存在明显的类型划分,盐源产区生育期最短,刈割后再生能力最差,平均每株分枝数最少,其以分枝长度长、叶量大、茎秆粗壮而获得较大生物量,而昭觉产区则相反;在植株植物学性状聚类分析中,盐源、昭觉产区独自各为一类,布拖、普格、小兴场、云南并为一类,可将盐源产区凉山光叶紫花苕划分为早熟类型,昭觉产区为晚熟类型,其他4个产区性状介于二者之间,属中熟类型。通过性状相关通径分析,影响凉山光叶紫花苕生物量的主要性状是叶量和分枝长度。     

Comparison of Short‐ and Long‐term Function and Radiographic Osteoarthrosis in Dogs After Postoperative Physical Rehabilitation and Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy or Lateral Fabellar Suture Stabilization

Objectives— To compare short‐ and long‐term functional and radiographic outcome of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) injury in dogs treated with postoperative physical rehabilitation and either tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) or lateral fabellar suture stabilization (LFS). Study Design— Prospective observational clinical study. Animals— Medium to large breed dogs with naturally occurring CrCL injury (n=65). Methods— Dogs with CrCL injury were treated with either TPLO or LFS and with identical physical rehabilitation regimes postoperatively. Limb peak vertical force (PVF) was measured preoperatively and at 3, 5, and 7 weeks, and 6 months and 24 months postoperatively. Stifles were radiographically assessed for osteoarthrosis (OA) preoperatively and 24 months postoperatively. Results— Thirty‐five dogs had LFS and 30 dogs had TPLO. Radiographic OA scores were significantly increased at 24 months compared with preoperative scores in all dogs. Radiographic OA scores preoperatively and at 24 months were not significantly different between treatment groups. PVF was significantly increased from preoperative to 24 months among both treatment groups but not significantly different between treatment groups preoperatively or at 3, 5, 7 weeks, 6, or 24 months. Conclusion— No significant difference in outcome as determined by ground reaction forces or radiographic OA scores were found between dogs with CrCL injury treated with LFS or TPLO. Clinical Relevance— LFS and TPLO remain good options for stabilizing stifles with CrCL injury with all dogs showing significant functional improvement. This study does not support the superiority of either surgical technique.