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1.
2.
Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During their life cycle as farmed animals, there are several situations in which fish are subjected to handling and confinement.
Netting, weighing, sorting, vaccination, transport and, at the end, slaughter are frequent events under farming conditions.
As research subjects, fish may also undergo surgical procedures that range from tagging, sampling and small incisions to invasive
procedures. In these situations, treatment with anaesthetic agents may be necessary in order to ensure the welfare of the
fish. The main objective of this paper is to review our knowledge of the effects of anaesthetic agents in farmed fish and
their possible implications for welfare. As wide variations in response to anaesthesia have been observed both between and
within species, special attention has been paid to the importance of secondary factors such as body weight, water temperature
and acute stress. In this review, we have limited ourselves to the anaesthetic agents such as benzocaine, metacaine (MS-222),
metomidate hydrochloride, isoeugenol, 2-phenoxyethanol and quinaldine. Anaesthetic protocols of fish usually refer to one
single agent, whereas protocols of human and veterinary medicine cover combinations of several drugs, each contributing to
the effects needed in the anaesthesia. As stress prior to anaesthesia may result in abnormal reactions, pre-anaesthetic sedation
is regularly used in order to reduce or avoid stress and is an integral part of the veterinary protocols of higher vertebrates.
Furthermore, the anaesthetic agents that are used in order to obtain general anaesthesia are combined with analgesic agents
that target nociception. The increased use of such combinations in fish is therefore included as a special section. Anaesthetic
agents are widely used to avoid stress during various farming procedures. While several studies report that anaesthetics are
effective in reducing the stress associated with confinement and handling, there are indications that anaesthesia may in itself
induce a stress response, measured by elevated levels of cortisol. MS-222 has been reported to elicit high cortisol release
rates immediately following exposure, while benzocaine causes a bimodal response. Metomidate has an inhibitory effect on cortisol
in fish and seems to induce the lowest release of cortisol of the agents reported in the literature. Compared to what is observed
following severe stressors such as handling and confinement, the amount of cortisol released in response to anaesthesia appears
to be low but may represent an extra load under otherwise stressful circumstances. Furthermore, anaesthetics may cause secondary
adverse reactions such as acidosis and osmotic stress due to respiratory arrest and insufficient exchange of gas and ions
between the blood and the water. All in all, anaesthetics may reduce stress and thereby improve welfare but can also have
unwanted side effects that reduce the welfare of the fish and should therefore always be used with caution. Finally, on the
basis of the data reported in the literature and our own experience, we recommend that anaesthetic protocols should always
be tested on a few fish under prevailing conditions in order to ensure an adequate depth of anaesthesia. This recommendation
applies whether a single agent or a combination of agents is used, although it appears that protocols comprising combinations
of agents provide wider safety margins. The analgesic effects of currently used agents, in spite of their proven local effects,
are currently being debated as the agents are administrated to fish via inhalation rather than locally at the target site.
We therefore recommend that all protocols of procedures requiring general anaesthesia should be complemented by administration
of agents with analgesic effect at the site of tissue trauma. 相似文献
3.
The glassy coating of lunar rock 12017 is enriched in 15 trace elements relative to the crystalline interior. It apparently consists chiefly of shock-melted rock, somewhat richer in rare earth elements and alkali metals than rock 12017 itself. The glass has been contaminated by about 0.5 percent carbonaceous-chondrite-like material or, alternatively, by a mixture of 0.06 to 0.3 percent fractionated meteoritic material and approximately 10 to 15 percent local soil. The glazing seems to represent molten material splashed from a nearby meteorite impact and not in situ melting by a sudden increase in solar luminosity. 相似文献
4.
Promoting sustainable intensification in precision agriculture: review of decision support systems development and strategies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jessica Lindblom Christina Lundström Magnus Ljung Anders Jonsson 《Precision Agriculture》2017,18(3):309-331
Precision agriculture provides important issues toward a more sustainable agriculture. Many farmers have the necessary technology to operate site-specifically, but they do not use it in practice, and thus available information and communications technology (ICT) systems are not used to their full potential. This paper addresses how to reduce the so-called “problem of implementation”, based on the knowledge that participatory approaches during the design and development process is one of the most important factors to frame technology adoption. The development of sustainable ICT systems through theories and methodologies from the fields of human computer interaction and user-centered design (UCD) is presented and an ongoing Swedish project for development of an agricultural decision support system (AgriDSS) for nitrogen fertilization is used as an example to frame the issue. The overreaching aim is to develop AgriDSSs that are sustainable in design as well as through design by stressing the importance of participatory approaches for the successful development of AgriDSSs. The Swedish project has the intention to apply a UCD approach, and some pitfalls on starting to use this way of working is identified as well as some suggestions on how to reduce them through co-learning processes. Despite the challenges presented in this paper, ICT can contribute significantly to long-term sustainable development. Thus, several competences and scientific disciplines need to act in concert to help develop a sustainable development of agriculture via a transdisciplinary approach that can make an impact on society at many levels. 相似文献
5.
6.
Marc J. Turano Russell J. Borski Harry V. Daniels 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2007,38(2):250-261
Compensatory growth (CG) or “catch‐up growth” is a period of super‐accelerated growth following a period of suboptimal conditions (i.e., lack of prey availability or overwintering). Little is known about the CG response in pond‐raised fish and whether hybrid striped bass (HSB), Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, might exhibit the rapid growth states or improvements in other production characteristics that may accompany the response. To evaluate the potential for CG in HSB culture, a 16‐wk growth trial in twelve 0.1‐ha earthen ponds was conducted. Approximately 2850 fish (mean weight ± SD = 3.2 g ± 1.1) were stocked into ponds and subjected to one of four cyclic feeding regimens. Treatment regimens included a control (0 wk, fed twice daily to apparent satiation) and cycles of 1, 2, or 4 wk of feed deprivation, followed by 1, 2, or 4 wk of feeding to apparent satiation. Fish in the 4‐wk feeding regimen were offered feed twice during the feed‐deprivation period (once every other week). Growth, specific growth rate (SGR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio, and condition factor (CF) were measured every other week, while overall growth, feed efficiency (FE) (FE = [weight gain/feed fed] × 100), and survival were calculated at the trial termination. The effect of these feeding regimens on water quality was examined by monitoring pH, turbidity, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and chlorophyll a weekly; total nitrogen and phosphorous biweekly; and dissolved oxygen and temperature twice daily. Cyclic feeding elicited CG; fish subjected to the 2‐wk regimen had a significantly higher SGR than 0‐wk controls during all but the final refeeding period. FE was higher for all fish in the cyclic regimens, although only FE for fish in the 2‐wk regimen was statistically greater (40%) than the controls. HSI was the most responsive measure and significantly decreased in the 2‐ and 4‐wk treatments during feed‐deprivation period and overcompensated during the refeeding period. CF also varied with feeding cycle and proved to be an effective nonlethal measure of predicting a CG response. No statistical differences in water quality parameters were observed. These data suggest that CG can be effectively induced in pond‐raised HSB and that the increase in FE warrants further research for practical application. Future pond studies with fingerling HSB fish should be conducted with emphasis on feed‐deprivation periods of 2 wk and refeeding periods of at least twice that of the feed‐deprivation period. 相似文献
7.
Lars Helge Stien Fredrik Manne Antti Kause Anders Kiessling 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,261(2):695-705
The goal of this paper is to propose and evaluate automated image analysis methods for describing muscle cutlets in rainbow trout. The proposed automated image analysis methods were tested on a total of 983 scanned images of trout cutlets, and included quality traits such as fat percentage, flesh colour and the size of morphologically distinguishable subparts of the cutlet. A sub-sample of 50 images was randomly selected for manual segmentation of the cutlet, the dorsal fat depot and the red muscle and regions. The identification of these regions by manual and automatic image analysis correlated strongly (r = 0.97, r = 0.95 and r = 0.91, respectively). The estimated fat percentage obtained from image analysis, based on the area of visible fat and the colour of the cutlet flesh, correlated well with chemical fat percentage measured by mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy (MIT) (r = 0.78). The automated image analysis methods are therefore a reliable means of predicting the fat percentage of trout cutlets. Principal component analysis (PCA) loading plots were used to identify subsets of variables from the image analysis of special significance for further studies; cutlet area, dorsal fat depot area, red muscle area, back height, cutlet width, and width of left and right abdomen wall were among the variables selected. PCA loading plots of different colour variables indicated that simple statistical coefficients such as percentiles and mean values can be used to quantify different aspects of flesh colour. In conclusion, the methods presented here provide a powerful toolbox for describing important morphological structures and quality traits of trout cutlets. 相似文献
8.
Peter Högberg Bhupinderpal-Singh Mikaell Ottosson Löfvenius Anders Nordgren 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Forests accumulate much less carbon than the amount fixed through photosynthesis because of an almost equally large opposing flux of CO2 from the ecosystem. Most of the return flux to the atmosphere is through soil respiration, which has two major sources, one heterotrophic (organisms decomposing organic matter) and one autotrophic (roots, mycorrhizal fungi and other root-associated microbes dependent on recent photosynthate). We used tree-girdling to stop the flow of photosynthate to the belowground system, hence, blocking autotrophic soil activity in a 120-yr-old boreal Picea abies forest. We found that at the end of the summer, two months after girdling, the treatment had reduced soil respiration by up to 53%. This figure adds to a growing body of evidence indicating (t-test, d.f. = 7, p < 0.05) that autotrophic respiration may contribute more to total soil respiration in boreal (mean 53 ± 2%) as compared to temperate forests (mean 44 ± 3%). Our data also suggests that there is a seasonal hysteresis in the response of total soil respiration to changes in temperature. We propose that this reflects seasonality in the tree below-ground carbon allocation. 相似文献
9.
E Hu Rafael Cuevas‐Uribe Huiping Yang Robin Sanderson Adriane O. Gill Harry Daniels Terrence R. Tiersch 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2016,47(4):555-565
The Southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, is a valuable aquaculture fish with established markets in the USA. All‐female production in this species is an important technology for aquaculture because the females usually have body sizes twice those of males at the same age, and sex‐reversed males (genotypic XX neomales) are used for all‐female production by crossing with genetically normal females. However, sperm volume from the neomales is usually small (<0.5 mL) and limits their application for all‐female fish production. Cryopreservation of sperm from these sex‐reversed neomales will provide access on demand with increased efficiency to extend the application of neomales. The goal of this study was to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of sperm from the Southern flounder by using an automated high‐throughput processing system. The objectives were to: (1) determine the effect of osmolality on activation of sperm motility; (2) evaluate the effect of extender solutions on sperm motility capacity; (3) evaluate the acute toxicity of cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol) on sperm motility, and (4) estimate the effect of cooling rate on sperm cryopreservation and post‐thaw fertilization. Sperm motility was activated when osmolality was 400 mOsmol/kg or higher. Of the three extender buffers tested, HEPES4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) at 300 mOsmol/kg resulted in better protection for sperm motility than did Hanks' balanced salt solution and Mounib solution at 300 mOsmol/kg during 7 d of refrigerated storage. After 30 min equilibration with the cryoprotectant of 15% DMSO, sperm motility was 24 ± 21% (fresh sperm motility without any cryoprotectants was 42%). After cooling at a rate of 20 C/min, post‐thaw sperm motility was 8 ± 5% and fertilization was 63 ± 40% evaluated at the 32–64 cell stage (5 × 105 sperm per egg). Overall, a protocol was developed for sperm cryopreservation in the Southern flounder with high‐throughput processing, which provides a tool to preserve the valuable genetic resources from neomale flounders, and enables germplasm repository development for the Southern flounder. 相似文献
10.