Eine Methode zur integrierten Bekämpfung des Rüsselkäfers (Hylobius abietis L.)

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, da? es m?glich ist, durch die Anwendung subletaler Konzentrationen des Insektizids DTHP, d. h. durch eine allgemeine Schw?chung des Organismus erwachsener Rüsselk?fer (Hylobius abietis L.), eine geeignete Disposition dieses Sch?dlings zur Infektion durch den parasitischen PilzBeauveria bassiana (Bals-Criv.) Vuill. herbeizuführen. Die K?fer, die in Fangrinden oder Fallen an Kiefern? stchen — welche in ein kombiniertes Pr?parat einer 0,05% DTHP-Suspension (Organophosphorverbindung vom Dipterex-Typ, technischer Block 0,0-Dimethyl-2,2,2-trichlor-1-hydroxy?thyl-phosphonat) mit 0,1% Sporen vonBeauveria bassiana getaucht worden waren — konzentriert wurden, nahmen keine Nahrung mehr auf und starben allm?hlich ab. Wie die histologischen Untersuchungen gezeigt haben, wurden Erkrankung und Tod der K?fer durch den genannten parasitischen Pilz herbeigeführt. Obwohl nur zwei Vergleichsfl?chen zur Verfügung standen, ist aus dem obengesagten klar, da? bei der Anwendung des kombinierten Pr?parates mit einer gewissen selektiven Wirkung gerechnet werden kann: W?hrend an der nur mit 1% DTHP behandelten Versuchsfl?che ungef?hr 2,5% nützlicher Insekten unter den get?teten K?fern festgestellt wurden (vor allem Laufk?fer der GattungPterostichus), betrug der Prozentsatz der get?teten nützlichen Insekten bei der Anwendung des kombinierten Pr?parates (DTHPBeauveria bassiana-Sporen) nur 0,25%. Die angeführten Versuche bewiesen die Anwendbarkeit der Kombination von Insektiziden — in subletalen Dosen oder Konzentrationen — mit Sporen parasitischer Pilze.     

Der Einfluß von Systox auf einige Insektenarten des Zuckerrübenfeldesvon Systox auf einige Insektenarten des Zuckerrübenfeldes

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Entomofauna jetele (Trifolium pratense L.) a jejívývoj. Entomofauna des Kleefeldes (Trifolium pratense L.) und ihre Entwicklung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Determination of the inhibitory effect of a biologically active preparation on the reproduction of micro-organisms from the intestines of ruminants

A procedure for the production of biologically active substances from pine and spruce needles was worked out within the research project Utilization of Tree Verdure. The product was referred to as a biologically active preparation. The fields of its possible uses include agriculture (animal production-feeding), cosmetics (production of pastes, soaps, etc.), pharmaceutical industry (after additional conditioning the product can be used for manufacturing medicinal drugs for the control of inflammatory diseases and the like). The biologically active preparation, i. e. the pine needle extract, was studied as to its effect on some of the most numerous microorganisms in the intestines of ruminants. As found, this preparation has a partial inhibitive action on the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. The biologically active preparation is an extract isolated from the needles by means of 0.3% sodium hydroxide. Besides extractive substances it also contains the residues of organellae of cellular nature (which got into the extract through the filter during the process of preparation) and a small amount of fibre (0.33%). The chemical composition of the biologically active preparation is varied: until now about 220 substances, many of which are biologically active, have been found to be present in the product.     

Functional markers delimiting a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago</Emphasis> orthologue of pea symbiotic gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">NOD3</Emphasis>

Symbiotic gene mutated in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) line RisfixC is a determinant of the number of symbiotic root nodules. In parallel to a sharp increase in nodule number, its mutational inactivation brings about the insensitivity of nodulation to the ambient nitrate level (Nts trait). Using the established localization to the SYM2-NOD3 region of the pea linkage group I, functional PCR markers were developed for the orthologous region on the chromosome 5 of the model species Medicago truncatula. Owing to the conservation of the binding regions of the designed primers, pea orthologues were successfully amplified with 60% of the primer pairs tested. When applied to a mapping pea population from the cross of the line RisfixC x Afghanistan L1268 (sym2), the new markers allowed to localize the supernodulation mutation within 2.5 cM confidence interval in the pea genome. The placement of the functional markers on the M. truncatula chromosome 5 confined the orthologous gene location to eight overlapping BACs spanning approximately 710 kbp (positions 37,755,678–38,467,472). The narrowed list of the annotated Medicago genes in combination with the published data on their symbiotic and nitrate regulation can be used for the candidate gene identification, together with the requirements imposed by the known function in nodule number initiation and nitrate sensing. In addition, the new markers are applicable for tracking the RisfixC allele in breeding programmes aimed at the improvement of symbiotic performance.     

The influence of stoniness and canopy properties on soil water content distribution: simulation of water movement in forest stony soil

Mountainous forest soils usually contain a large number of rock fragments (particle diameter >2?mm), which influence soil properties. Data characterizing hydraulic properties of these soils usually describe only the fine soil fraction (particle diameter <2?mm) properties. To quantitatively describe soil water movement in stony soils, it is necessary to evaluate effective hydrophysical characteristics, involving the influence of stones, that is, the effective hydraulic conductivity and retention capacity should be known. Properties of evaporating surface (plant canopy) also play important role in formation of soil water movement and retention. This work presents results of the study of rock fragments (stoniness) effect on soil water content profiles and soil water dynamics during the season. Stony and homogeneous soil behavior is compared. The effect of different canopies (spruce forest, low vegetation) and bare soil in both types of soils on soil water dynamics is also studied. Stones as a part of soil are decreasing its water capacity and hydraulic conductivity as well. This is expressing in the decrease of stony soil water content retention capacity. High interception capacity of trees, followed by the low undercanopy precipitation, leads to the decreased soil water content of the upper soil layer. Combination of stony soil and dense forest canopy led to the low undercanopy precipitation, to relatively low infiltration totals into soil, and to decreased outflow.     

Enantiomeric purity of biodegradation products of juvenogens by newly isolated soil bacteria

Two bacteria were isolated from sand RQ30, characterized as Bacillus simplex and Bacillus sp. strain 05 (GenBank EU399813 ), and were used as biocatalysts for a hydrolytic assay of stability of the cis or trans isomers of ethyl N-{2-{4-{[2-(butanoyl)oxycyclohexyl]methyl}phenoxy}ethyl}carbamate, which are among insect hormonogen substances (juvenogens). The stability tests were performed using simple modeling under laboratory conditions. The structures of the products were assigned as ethyl (1 R,2 R)- N-{2-{4-[(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl]phenoxy}ethyl}carbamate and ethyl (1 S,2 R)- N-{2-{4-[(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl]phenoxy}ethyl}carbamate on the basis of (1)H and (13)C NMR, IR, and FAB-MS analyses.     

Effect of Biochar Amendment and Ageing on Adsorption and Degradation of Two Herbicides

Biochar amendment can alter soil properties, for instance, the ability to adsorb and degrade different chemicals. However, ageing of the biochar, due to processes occurring in the soil over time, can influence such biochar-mediated effects. This study examined how biochar affected adsorption and degradation of two herbicides, glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine) and diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in soil and how these effects were modulated by ageing of the biochar. One sandy and one clayey soil that had been freshly amended with a wood-based biochar (0, 1, 10, 20 and 30% w/w) were studied. An ageing experiment, in which the soil-biochar mixtures were aged for 3.5 months in the laboratory, was also performed. Adsorption and degradation were studied in these soil and soil-biochar mixtures, and compared to results from a soil historically enriched with charcoal. Biochar amendment increased the pH in both soils and increased the water-holding capacity of the sandy soil. Adsorption of diuron was enhanced by biochar amendment in both soils, while glyphosate adsorption was decreased in the sandy soil. Ageing of soil-biochar mixtures decreased adsorption of both herbicides in comparison with freshly biochar-amended soil. Herbicide degradation rates were not consistently affected by biochar amendment or ageing in any of the soils. However, glyphosate half-lives correlated with the Freundlich Kf values in the clayey soil, indicating that degradation was limited by availability there.