Physeal Fractures in the Horse II. Management and Outcome

Seventy physeal fractures in horses were initially managed by euthanasia (18), stall confinement (25), application of a cast (7), or internal fixation (20). Of the 52 physeal fractures initially managed with stall confinement, a cast, or internal fixation, 23 (44%) healed and 13 (25%) of these horses became sound. The number of horses less than 4.5 months of age with pressure physeal fractures that became sound was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the number of horses greater than 4.5 months of age. The number of horses with functional, pain-free limbs (sound horses) or functional limbs (lame horses) was not significantly different (p > 0.05) for Salter-Harris Type I, II, III, or IV pressure physeal fractures; however, critical examination for growth disturbances was not performed. The number of horses with pressure or traction physeal fractures of less than 5 days duration prior to presentation that healed or became sound was not significantly different (p > 0.05) when compared with those horses with fractures of greater than or equal to 5 days duration.     

A comparison of fatty acid composition and quality aspects of eggs and larvae from cultured and wild broodstock of common sole (Solea solea L.)

Eggs from a F₁ cultured broodstock of sole were compared with eggs from wild‐caught breeders throughout one spawning season, to evaluate if egg quality may be affected by culture‐related conditions. Fourteen batches of eggs from cultured broodstock and 17 batches from wild‐caught sole were compared with respect to fatty acid (FA) composition, egg size, fertilization rate and hatching rate. Based on a multivariate analysis of the FA profiles, it was possible to discriminate between culture and wild inheritance. Eggs from cultured broodstock had high levels of C20:1(n‐9), C18:2(n‐6) and C18:3(n‐3), whereas eggs from wild fish had high levels of C16:1(n‐7), C20:4(n‐6) and C20:5(n‐3). Differences in FA profiles were most likely related to dietary differences. Fertilization and hatching rates were generally low and lowest in eggs from cultured broodstock, but not related to FA composition. Larval growth of one batch from each group was compared. Larval growth was not correlated to broodstock origin, FA composition or egg or larval size. However, larval survival was significantly lower for larvae from cultured broodstock.     

Identification of wild and reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using scale characters

Abstract. This study describes differences in scale characters between fanned, ranched and wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar h., and proposes a method to distinguish between the different groups. Six characters were found to differ: (1) smolt size; (2) smolt age; (3) transition from fresh water to salt water; (4) sea winter bands; (5) summer checks; (6) replacement scales. The combined use of these characters in a score system gave good separation between fanned and wild salmon, but not for ranched salmon.     

氮钾肥配合施用对桑叶产量品质及蚕茧质量的影响

通过连续4年田间施肥试验和一季养蚕试验,研究了氮肥和钾肥配合施用对桑叶产量、品质及相应桑叶喂饲家蚕对蚕生长及蚕茧品质的影响。结果表明,桑园施用氮钾肥显著提高桑叶产量,在氮钾肥各养分配比中,以高氮高钾处理(N450K300)的产量最高,比N0K0处理年均增产35.2%,与其他各处理产量差异显著。桑叶品质分析结果表明,桑叶中必需氨基酸、氨基酸总量、粗蛋白、油脂含量随氮肥用量增加而提高,但单施氮肥会对蛋氨酸和油脂含量产生负面影响;施钾导致糖分含量下降,其他品质参数值随钾肥施用而提高,氮钾肥配合施用具有提高桑叶品质的作用。养蚕结果表明,桑园增施氮钾肥生产出的桑叶,有助于降低蚕茧的死笼率、具有提高全茧量和茧层率及提高蚕茧产量的作用。蚕茧上茧率、茧丝长、解舒率和茧丝净度随着钾肥用量的增加而提高,在施钾基础上增加氮肥用量有提高蚕茧品质的作用,但不施钾只施氮肥对上茧率有负面影响,说明氮钾肥配合施用能促进蚕茧质量的提高。     

Navicular bone disease: Results of treatment using egg-bar shoeing technique

Although the diagnostic criteria of navicular disease are generally accepted in practice, their limitations are recognised. However, the authors believe that navicular disease per se is reversible and that only secondary changes like adhesions to the deep flexor tendon or spur formations are irreversible. This hypothesis is supported by the results presented of the effect of the application of an egg-bar shoe, which caused permanent cessation of signs of navicular disease in more than 50 per cent of treated cases. The egg-bar shoeing technique can be usefully applied in practice.     

A fish selective obstacle to prevent dispersion of an unwanted fish species, based on leaping capabilities

Abstract  The European minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), constitutes a serious threat to natural brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocks in Norway following its introduction and translocation. In the present study, the leaping capabilities of the European minnow (50–110 mm total length) and brown trout (64–255 mm total length) were investigated with the aim of constructing suitable waterfall barriers to prevent further unwanted dispersal of the minnow, but still allow passage of larger brown trout. No successful leap of minnows was recorded at 4.9–6.5 °C, even at height intervals as low as 3 cm. At 14.0–16.5 °C, minnows were able to force waterfall barriers up to 27 cm high. At 4.9–6.5 °C brown trout forced waterfall barriers up to 40 cm. Thus, building of such barriers in brooks and rivers can help prevent the dispersal of minnows, and still allow larger brown trout to pass during feeding and spawning migrations.     

Physeal Fractures in the Horse:I. Classification and Incidence

Seventy appendicular skeletal physeal fractures in 67 horses were reviewed and classified using the Salter-Harris classification. All the horses were less than 2 years old (mean age at injury 6.2 months). The mean age at injury for pressure physeal fractures (5.2 months) was significantly less (p < .05) than for traction physeal fractures (8.3 months). The majority (67.2%) of the horses were female. Forty-eight (69%) pressure physes and 22 (31%) traction physes were affected. The most common pressure and traction physeal fracture sites were the proximal femoral physis and the proximal ulnar physis, respectively. Sixty-seven physeal fractures were classified: 14 as Type I (20.9%), 42 as Type II (62.7%), six as Type III (8.9%), and five as Type IV (7.5%). Forty-six pressure physeal fractures were classified: six as Type I (13.0%), 30 as Type II (65.2%), five as Type Hi (10.9%), and 5 as Type IV (10.9%).     

Surgical Treatment of Gastric Outflow Obstruction in 40 Foals

Objective— To report short- and long-term survival and factors affecting outcome of foals after surgical correction of gastric outflow obstruction.
Study Design— Case series.
Animals— Foals (n=40) aged 5–180 days.
Methods— Clinical signs, laboratory data, diagnostic imaging, surgical findings, surgical procedures, medical treatment, and necropsy findings were retrieved from medical records. Outcome was obtained by reviewing performance, sales, and produce records or by telephone conversations with the owners.
Results— Gastric outflow obstruction was treated by gastroduodenostomy or by gastrojejunostomy with or without jejunojejunostomy. Long-term follow-up was available for 36 of 39 foals that survived to hospital discharge; 25 (69%) survived >2 years. All 8 foals with pyloric obstruction survived >2 years, whereas only 11 of 21 (52%) foals with duodenal obstruction survived >2 years. Six of 8 foals with obstruction of the duodenum and pylorus survived >2 years. Obstruction of the duodenum, adhesions to the duodenum, and postoperative ileus were significantly associated with decreased long-term survival.
Conclusions— Long-term outcome after gastric bypass procedures was substantially improved compared with previous reports. Factors that may have contributed to improved survival include better case selection and performing the gastrojejunostomy with the jejunum aligned from left to right.
Clinical Relevance— The prognosis for long-term survival after surgical bypass of pyloric obstruction is excellent. The overall prognosis for long-term survival after surgical bypass of duodenal obstruction is fair but should be considered guarded in those with pre-existing duodenal adhesions.     

Colonic Luminal Pressure in Horses With Strangulating and Nonstrangulating Obstruction of the Large Colon

Colonic luminal pressure (median, range) measured during ventral midline celiotomy in 69 horses with strangulating obstruction (SO) of the large colon (SO; ≥ 270° large colon volvulus; 27 cm H₂O: 2 to 80 cm H₂O) was greater ( P =.0023) than that measured in 37 horses with nonstrangulating obstruction (NSO) of the large colon (NSO; ≤ 180° volvulus or a nonstrangulating displacement; 18 cm H₂O; 6 to 46 cm H₂O). Sixty-five percent (45 of 69) of horses with SO and all horses with NSO survived. Survival analysis was restricted to 59 horses with large-colon SO that survived to hospital discharge or met the criteria specified for classification as nonsurvivors. Colonic luminal pressure in nonsurvivors (48.5 cm H₂O; 34 to 80 cm H₂O) was higher ( P =.0001) than that measured in survivors (18 cm H₂O; 2 to 50 cm H₂O) of SO. From response operating characteristic curves, a luminal pressure of 38 cm H₂O optimized the distribution of horses with SO into survivor and nonsurvivor groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for a colonic luminal pressure greater than 38 cm H₂O in predicting nonsurvival were 0.89, 0.91, 0.72 and 0.97, respectively. Measurement of colonic luminal pressure may be useful for predicting survival in horses with colonic volvulus.     

The effects of boom height, working pressure and wind speed on spray drift

Investigations of the effects of varying the boom height, working pressure, and wind speed on spray drift from a field sprayer are reported. By increasing the boom height from 40 to 80 cm drift increased from 1% to 3–2%; by increasing the pressure from 2–5 bar to 10 bar drift increased from 1–4% to 2–9%, and by increasing the wind velocity from approximately 1–5 m/s to approximately 4–0 m/s drift increased from 1–4% to 2–9%. A significant negative correlation was found between drift and the logarithm of the distance from the nozzle. A significant positive correlation was found between drift damage on barley plants and the logarithm of the spray-liquid deposit. Under ideal conditions, and with correctly adjusted spray equipment, total spray drift was 14% of applied spray. Under unfavourable conditions, and with wrong adjustments of the sprayer (boom height and pressure) drift was 37% of the applied spray. It is concluded that field spraying should not be carried out in wind speeds of more than 3 m/s. The boom should be approximately 40 cm high, and the working pressure should not exceed 2–5 bar for herbicide spraying. Effet de la hauteur de la rampe, de la pression de travail et de ia Vitesse du vent sur les entraînements de pulvérisqtion par embruns Les auteurs rapportent les résultats de recherches sur les effets de la variation de hauteur de ta rampe, de la pression de travail et de la vitesse du vent sur I'entraînement des embruns provenant d'un pulvérisateur à grand travail. L'élévation de ia rampe de 40 à 80 cm a accru I'entraînement de 1 à 3,2%; I'augmentation de la pression, de 2.5 à 10 bars a accru I'entraînement de 1,4 h 2,9% et I'augmentation de la Vitesse du vent de 1,5 à 4,0 màtres/sec a accru I'entraînement de 1,4 à 2,9%. Une corrélation négative significative a été trouvée entre Tentraînement et le logarithme de la distance à partir de la buse. Une corrélation positive significative a été trouvée entre I'entraînement et le logarithme du dépét de la bouillie pulvérisée. Dans les conditions optimales et avec un pulvérisateur correctement réglé, I'entraînement total a été de 1,4% du traitement appliqué. Dans des conditions défavorables et avec des régiages défectueux du pulvérisateur. (hauteur de la rampe et pression) I'entraînement a atteint 37%. En conclusion, les traitements au champ par pulvérisation ne doivent pas être effectuées si la vitesse du vent dépasse 3 m/sec. La rampe doit être à 40 cm du sol environ et la pression de travail ne doit pas excéder 2,5 bars pour une pulvérisation effectuée avec un herbicide. Der EirtJJiiss ion Spritzbalkcnhohe, Betriebsdriick und Wind-geschwindigkeit aufdie Abtrift. Eswird über den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Spritzbalkenhöhen, Betriebsdruck und Windgeschwindlgkeit aufdie Abtrift beien einem Feldspritzgerät berichtet. Bei Erhöhung des Spritzbalkens von 40 auf 80 cm stieg die Abtrift von I auf 3,2%; eine Steigerungdes Druckes von 2,5 auf 10 bar erhöhte die Abtrift von 1,4 auf 2,9% und durch eine Erhöhung der Windgeschwindigkeit von etwa 1,5 m/s auf etwa 4 m/s, steigerte sich die Abtrift von 1,4 auf 2,9%. Zwischen der Abtrift und dem Logarithmus des Abstandes von der Düse, wurde eine gesichertc negative Korrelation gefunden. Eine gesicherte positive Korrelation ergab sich zwiscben Abtrift Beschädigung von Gerste und dem Log-arithmus des Spritzbelages. Bei idealen Dedingungen und richtig eingestelltem Spritzgerät, betrug die gesamie Abtrift 1,4% der ausgebrachten Bruhe. Unter ungüstigen Bedingungen und fiihcher Einstell-ung (Spritzbalkenhöhe und Druck), betrug die Abtrift 37%. Aus den Ergcbnissen wird geschlossen. dass man bei Windgeschwindigkeiten von mehr als 3 m/s nicht spritzen sollte. Der Spritzbalken sollte etwa 40 cm hoch sein und der Betriebsdruck sollte bei Herbizidspritzungen 2,5 bar nicht überschreiten.