The evolution of smallholder irrigation policy in Zimbabwe: 1928–1986

Voluntary smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe were launched in 1913 as a means of famine relief and subsequently to settle black farmers displaced from designated areas for white commercial farmers. In 1928 the colonial government inaugurated a programme to provide services to existing smallholder schemes and to assist in developing new schemes. This process eventually led to the erosion of farmer participation in planning, development and financing of smallholder schemes. Since 1928 the smallholder schemes have been heavily subsidised, a pattern that continues today. Currently about 3.4% of the land under irrigation is farmed by small holders who pay about 11% of the costs of irrigation operation and maintenance; the remaining 89% is subsidised by the government. More smallholder irrigation development is currently being planned. The government has made loan funds available to groups on the basis of financial viability, but to date this fund has not been significantly utilized by smallholders. In essence, smallholder irrigation development is being constrained by problems that have plagued smallholder schemes since 1928.Abbreviations AGRITEX Agricultural Technical and Extension Services - ARDA Agricultural and Rural Development Authority - DERUDE Department of Rural Development - NFIF National Farm Irrigation Fund - Z$ Zimbabwe Dollar