Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

乌鳢生长发育的生态因子及其流行病的防治

对非生物生态因子———水、光照、温度、溶氧、降水等和生物生态因子———食物、流行病和群体密度等对乌鳢生长发育的影响及流行病的防治进行了综述。     

陇南红芪无公害栽培技术

从栽培地的选择、采种与种子处理、育苗、移栽、大田管理、采挖与粗加工等方面介绍了陇南市红芪无公害栽培技术。     

"双链型"草-鹅-稻生态农业模式高产高效配套技术

提出了“双链型”单-鹅-稻生态农业模式，总结了稻田套种牧草的方法和田间管理技术，探讨了种草与养鹅在时间上的相互衔接，以提高牧草的产量和利用率，进行了稻田套种牧草养鹅与种植小麦的比较效益分析。该配套技术的实施，为当前开展农业结构调整开辟了一条新路。     

杨桃果实生长发育过程中营养品质的变化

杨桃（Averrhoa arambola L．）为华南地区重要的热带水果。本试材为华南农业大学园艺分场种植的3年生盆栽马来西亚甜杨桃，砧木为酸杨桃。在杨桃的开花期，选择生长势、开花数量和时间较一致45株为试材，再选择受精时间一致的果实做标记。采样时问从开花后（2003年7月15日）至杨桃充分成熟（2003年10月25）。测定杨桃果实中的糖（蒽酮比色法）、有机酸（HPLC法）、维生素C（2，6-二氯靛酚钠滴定法）和单宁（高锰酸钾滴定法）的含量。     

宁夏猪附红细胞体病诊治

宁夏中宁等县市区个体养猪户的猪出现以败血性出血和两耳、胸前、腹下、四肢皮肤呈现紫绀为特征的疾病,并引起猪群,尤其是仔猪大批死亡.经临床观察、病理剖检、实验实检查,确诊为猪附红细胞体病.经用金霉素、土霉素拌料饲喂,肌注血虫净及后期用强力霉素拌料喂服和肌注磷酸伯氨喹、青蒿素,病情获控制.     

套袋对红富士苹果色素及糖、酸含量的影响

 以苹果(Malus pumila) ‘长富2’品种为试材, 研究了套袋对果皮色素及果肉糖、酸含量的影响。结果表明, 套袋果果皮色素、可溶性糖、可滴定酸具有同对照果基本相同的消长规律, 但含量均始终低于对照; 摘袋后果实可溶性糖含量迅速升高, 且花青苷积累速度明显快于对照; 套袋主要降低了果实中山梨醇和蔗糖的含量, 果糖和葡萄糖降低幅度相对较小。     

野生金头闭壳龟的资源现状调查

笔者于2001-2004年对金头闭壳龟(Cuoraaurocapitata)的野生种群的分布、数量及相关生态学进行了专项调查。结果表明,金头闭壳龟目前仅分布于青弋江源头和上游即北纬30°-30°52′的少数支流中,具体为安徽省泾县的古坝、蔡村和孤峰三地的山涧溪流以及黟县红星乡的清溪河流域。野外种群数量十分稀少,目前已不足400只。金头闭壳龟主要栖息在水质清澈、两侧植被茂密或一侧山脚多石缝的山涧溪流中。经对曾经发现过金头闭壳龟典型地带的各种生态指标的测量表明,泾县古坝乡沈村上沈村段的古坝河段的以及蔡村乡的东园至爱民段的丁溪河段,相比而言仍不失为金头闭壳龟较为理想的栖息地。     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.     

植物与土壤中醇类化合物对高寒草甸退化指示作用初探

醇类化合物是一类重要的生物标记物,被广泛用于土壤及沉积物中有机物质的溯源。为探究醇类化合物对高寒草甸退化指示作用规律,采用野外调查与气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)分析方法,对高寒草甸植物与土壤中醇类进行测定和分析。结果表明,高寒草甸植物中醇种类数为2~21,碳数为4~37,不饱和醇种类数高于饱和醇。退化土壤中检出9-甲基-10-顺式十五烯-1-醇、2-亚甲基-5α-胆甾烷-3β-醇、1-三十七烷醇,而在未退化土壤中未检出。高寒草甸中植物和土壤醇的种类大小关系为退化植物退化土壤未退化植物未退化土壤,植物和土壤中相同的醇有很强的相关性(R2=0.871)。植物和土壤醇类的分布特征及相关性分析表明,醇类化合物可以用作标记物来指示高寒草甸退化。