Untersuchungen zur Bekämpfung der Bienenmilbe,Varroa jacobsoni Oud.

Comparative study of 8 treatments was done to controlVarroa jacobsoni (Oudemans) infesting Carniolan honey beeApis mellifera L. colonies, including Apistan, Lactic acid, and Formic acid, using some methods of application. Experiments were carried out in the experimental apiary of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shebin El-Kom Egypt during the period from August to October 1991. Results showed that Apistan was the best material for controlV. jacobsoni followed by Lactic acid and Formic acid. Apistan completely controlled varroa mite at the 4 different doses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 strips/colony) and no significant differences were found between the different doses. Lactic acid and Formic acid (at the rate of 1.5 cm³/frame) were slightly effective against the varroa mite in both methods of application (above and under the frames). The application of acids under the frames had better results than the application above the frames.     

First derivative spectrophotometric determination of strychnine and brucine in nux vomica liquid extract

A simple, rapid, and accurate method is presented for determining strychnine and brucine in nux vomica liquid extract. The 2 alkaloids are directly extracted from the alkaline liquid extract with 0.1N H2SO4, and the liberated alkaloids are determined separately using first derivative spectrophotometry. The minimum strychnine and brucine concentrations detectable by means of this method are 3.0 micrograms/mL. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of 3 batches of nux vomica liquid extract.     

Effect of phosphate dissolving bacteria on P-uptake by barley plants grown in a salt affected calcareous soil

In a pot experiment the effect of inoculation of a salt affected calcareous soil with phosphate dissolving bacteria (PDB) on dehydrogenase activity and P-uptake by barley plants was investigated. Four levels of artificial salinity were used, i. e., 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 % total soluble salts. Inoculation increased PDB in all treatments, but it did not affect the microbial activity in the soil as represented by dehydrogenase activity. The higher the salt level the lower the counts of PDB and dehydrogenase activity in the soil. A positive significant difference was recorded in P-uptake as a result of inoculation and a negative one as a result of increasing salinity.     

Quantification of nitrogen fixation by the peanut/Rhizobium symbiotic system in a virgin sandy soil

Nitrogen balance studies were conducted to quantify the nitrogen fixed by peanut/Rhizobium symbiotic system under field conditions in a sandy soil. Large scale inoculation with three NifTAL strains of cowpea rhizobia, 1000, 169, 1371 was done using two inoculation techniques: peat-based inoculant or injection of inoculant with irrigation water through an injection tank attached to the central pivot system. The results show nitrogen fixation amounting up to 186 kg N ha^?1 in peat-based inoculant and 171 kg N ha^?1 in liquid inoculant injected through the irrigation system. However, no significant differences in yield response were recorded between both inoculation techniques.     

Effect of Brazilian red propolis administration on hematological, biochemical variables and parasitic response of Santa Inês ewes during and after flushing period

Brazilian red propolis was administered orally to Santa Inês ewes, and evaluation was made of general health and hematological, biochemical, and parasitic responses during and after flushing. Thirty mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant Santa Inês ewes (40?±?2 kg and 2.5 years old) were grazing tropical pasture (Brachiaria decumbens and Pennisetum purpureum) and, as flushing after synchronization, were supplemented with a concentrate–roughage mixture at a rate of 4 % body weight (BW). Ewes were divided according to BW and fecal egg count (FEC) into two groups (n?=?15 each): control and propolis that received propolis ethanolic extract at rates of, respectively, 0 and 3 g/ewe/day. The treatments lasted 21 days until the end of flushing period. BW and body condition score (BCS) were recorded, and blood and fecal samples were taken weekly for 8 weeks. Mean values of BW and BCS were not (P?>?0.05) affected by propolis administration. Propolis increased (P?<?0.01) total leukocytes (WBC), but no significant differences were observed for other hematological parameters. Propolis increased (P?<?0.01) total protein and globulin concentrations and decreased (P?<?0.01) triglycerides, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase. Propolis decreased (P?<?0.05) FEC. Propolis administration had good impact on ewe health and may be a promising feed additive during critical periods such as flushing.     

Effect of processing conditions on trace elements in fish roe from six commercial new zealand fish species

The concentrations of trace elements in fish roes and the effect of processing conditions (karasumi-like or karashi mentaiko) were investigated in six commercial fish species from New Zealand. The studied elements were As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, and the roes were from the following species: chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), hoki ( Macruronus novaezelandiae), southern blue whiting ( Micromesistius australis), hake ( Merluccius australis), blue warehou ( Seriolella brama), and barracouta ( Thyrsites atun). The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in the roes were lower than literature values for fish muscles. Only Zn in barracouta roe and Cu in salmon roe and their products were relatively higher than the generally accepted levels in fish muscles and could be of safety concern. Hence, the consumption of barracouta and salmon roes among certain parts of the population needs to be monitored and assessed. Dry salting (karasumi-like) processing increased ( P < 0.001) the concentrations of the studied trace elements while salting fermentation (karashi mentaiko) processing tended to decrease the levels of trace elements. Fermentation may be a useful process to decrease the level of toxic trace elements.     

Quality of water from some wells in saudi arabia

The quality of water from 388 wells in 6 regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been investigated with respect to pH, total dissolved salts (TDS), nitrite, ammonium, nitrate, and faecal coliforms. Concentration of TDS varied widely, from 180 to 9350 mg L^?1, with a mean of 754 mg L^?1. Of the 388 wells, 72 (18.6%) were above the WHO limit of 1000 mg L^?1. The levels of nitrate varied significantly, ranging from 0.0 to 95.2 mg L^?1, with an average value of 20.7 mg L^?1. About 7.7% of the tested wells had nitrate content above the WHO limit of 45 mg L^?1, and 16% of the wells showed NH₄ ⁺ levels greater than 0.05 mg L^?1. Faecal coliforms were present in 21.4% of the tested well waters. The results indicated that significant nutrient and faecal coliforms contaminated of well water was occurring.     

Evaluation of microbial and chemical insecticides for the control ofSpodoptera exigua (Lep., Noctuidae) on soybean plants

Field experiments have been carried out to evaluate the potency of the biological control agentBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel), the pyrethroid Fenvalerate and their combinations for the control of the lesser cotton leafwormSpodoptera exigua on soybeans in Qualubia governorate. Molasses was combined with all treatments to enhance their effectiveness. One spray application with either Dipel or Fenvalerate showed an obvious reduction in larval counts ofS. exigua, associated with a significant increase in the crop yield but in varying degrees, in correlation with the tested dose. Treatments with combinations of both biological and chemical insecticides at the lowest tested doses (62 g ofB. t. +50 ml of Fenvalerate/feddan) showed to be highly potential, and caused 2.8 fold increase in the crop yield. It may be recommended that a combination of both preparations may be used for the control ofS. exigua.     

Über latente Wirkungen einiger Insektenwachstumsregeler auf das Körpergewicht von Arbeiterinnen der HonigbieneApis mellifera L. var.Carnica (Hym., Apidae)

Three insect growth regulators were applied topically on the 3-day old larvae of carniolan honeybee workers in their own cells. The high and intermediate lethal doses (LD₉₀ and LD₅₀) from each of three tested IGR's (Triflumuron, Chlorfluazuron and Diflubenzuron) had a “Removal-lethal” effect on treated larvae. Thus, neither sealed brood nor adult workers were obtained from IGR's — treated-larvae. While latent inhibitory action of the lower lethal dose (LD₂₅) of all tested IGR's showing a remarkable significant decrease in body weights of newly emerged workers, resulting from IGR's-treated-larvae. The differences between the effect of tested IGR's on the workers weights were significant. The tested IGR's could be arranged in descending order according to their reducing effect on workers weights as follows: Triflumuron, Chlorfluozuron and Diflubenzuron.