水稻三化螟蚁螟在稻株上的定向、着生习性及对水稻不同组织和人工合成“稻酮”的趋化性反应试验

本项工作的目的在于探求水稻三化螟Tryporyza incertulas(Walker)初孵幼虫在稻株上的定向特性,为鉴定水稻的不同生育期、品种植株间的抗螟性能做一些基本工作。其次,以人工合成的“稻酮”进行蚁螟趋化反应试验。工作系于1961—1964年进行。所得结果初步表明:1.在稻株上的定向部位:蚁螟侵入孔距稻株基部的相对高度为,分蘖期<10厘米;圆秆期10—20厘米,孕穗期后>30厘米。在生长期相同的植株上,籼稻>粳稻。入侵途径以叶鞘侧部的脉间蛀入为主,部分咬脉而入。2.蚁螟在分蘖期至圆秆期稻株上主动选择叶鞘部位入侵,并非由“向地性”所支配。3.蚁螟对各生育期水稻叶鞘组织的趋化反应与成虫的产卵选择性相吻合,即偏选分蘖期与孕穗期的稻株(或叶鞘)。4.在稻株叶鞘及孕穗穗苞内含有诱致蚁螟的物质,而在稻叶叶片组织内可能含有拒食作用的物质。5.蚁螟着生数量,在秧苗上为,17天秧>44天秧;在分蘖与圆秆期稻株上,籼稻>梗稻。6.一定浓度的人工合成“稻酮”能明显地引起蚁螟的嗅觉反应。     

Methylmalonic aciduria: metabolic block localization and vitamin B 12 dependency

Methylmalonic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by neonatal or infantile ketoacidosis. Leukocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of a 1-year-old child with this disorder converted negligible quantities of propionate-3-C(14) to carbon dioxide, but oxidized succinate-1,4-C(14) normally, an indication of a block in the conversion of propionate to succinate. Parenteral administration of vitamin B(18) resulted in a reduction in methylmalonic acid excretion and an increase in propionate oxidation by leukocytes in vitro. The results suggest a mutation of methylmalonyl-CoA isomerase, a vitamin B(12), dependent enzyme which converts methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, and provide the first demonstration of vitamin B(12) "dependency" in man.     

Effects of diets supplemented with either individual or combined probiotics,Bacillus subtilis E20 and Lactobacillus plantarum 7‐40, on the immune response and disease resistance of the mud crab,Scylla paramamosain (Estampador)

Two trials, including firstly, diets incorporating individual or combined species of probiotics, Bacillus subtilis E20 and Lactobacillus plantarum 7‐40, were fed to the mud crab, Scylla paramamosian, for 28 days to evaluate the growth, immunity and disease resistance, and secondly, the optimal level of B. subtilis E20 in the diet by tracking the growth, immunity and disease resistance after 28 days of feeding were analysed. No significant differences in growth, total haemocyte counts, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase, or glutathione peroxidase were found in the two trials. Crabs fed the B. subtilis E20‐containing diet (D20) had significantly increased phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytic activity (PA) and disease resistance compared with crabs fed the control and the mixed probiotics diet (MD). The mortality of crabs fed the D20 was significantly lower than that of crabs fed the L. plantarum 7‐40‐containing diet. L. plantarum 7‐40 had a great inhibitory effect on the growth of B. subtilis E20, which may have led to the decreased probiotic effect of the MD. An analysis of the optimal level of B. subtilis E20 in the diet showed that crabs fed the B. subtilis E20‐containing diet at a level of 10^9–10 cfu kg^?1 had better immune response of PO and PA, and disease resistance in the second trial.     

Usage of electrolytic water system in the giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larval hatchery system

The purpose of this study was to use an electrolytic oxidizing (EO) water system in a prawn hatchery. The results of the EO water generation efficiency showed that available chlorine in the EO water increased as the salinity and electric power increased, but was reduced as the water flow rate increased. A bactericidal activity assay showed that the growth of six aquatic pathogens was well inhibited by incubation with EO water containing 1 mg L^?1 of available chlorine. The removal of NH₃‐N and NO₂‐N by electrolysis at 15‰ and 5 W had significant effects, and the removal rate of NO₂‐N was much faster than that of NH₃‐N. Prawn zoea (Z) reared in EO water with different levels of available chlorine at 0 (control), 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg L^?1 had mortalities of 0%, 12%, 27% and 42%, respectively, after 72 h. However, Z were able to well survive in activated carbon‐treated EO water for 1 week. For the on‐farm use of the EO water system in a prawn hatchery, larvae in the EO water group had faster development and higher survival than those in the activated carbon group. From these results, we believe that the EO water group had excellent water quality and lower bacterial counts resulting in increased larval development and survival.     

Protective Effects of Fucoxanthin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Calcification of Heart Valve Interstitial Cells

Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis involve inflammatory reactions triggered by various stimuli, causing increased oxidative stress. This increased oxidative stress causes damage to the heart cells, with subsequent cell apoptosis or calcification. Currently, heart valve damage or heart valve diseases are treated by drugs or surgery. Natural antioxidant products are being investigated in related research, such as fucoxanthin (Fx), which is a marine carotenoid extracted from seaweed, with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of Fx on heart valves under high oxidative stress, as well as the underlying mechanism of action. Rat heart valve interstitial cells under H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress were treated with Fx. Fx improved cell survival and reduced oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, which was assessed by cell viability analysis and staining with propidium iodide. Alizarin Red-S analysis indicated that Fx has a protective effect against calcification. Furthermore, Western blotting revealed that Fx abrogates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via reducing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins as well as modulate Akt/ERK-related protein expression. Notably, in vivo experiments using 26 dogs treated with 60 mg/kg of Fx in combination with medical treatment for 0.5 to 2 years showed significant recovery in their echocardiographic parameters. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo results highlight the potential of Fx to protect heart valve cells from high oxidative stress-induced damage.     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

The influence of cytokinins and ionic strength of Anderson's medium on shoot establishment and proliferation of evergreen azalea

Shoot-tip explants of evergreen azalea cv. Fuchsia grown on Anderson's medium and containing different cytokinins produced the highest proliferation rate on a medium containing thidiazuron (TDZ). TDZ concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 2.3 M resulted in both good bud-break rate (4 to 5) and shoot quality (> 0.5 cm in length). Adding 2.3 M zeatin to Anderson's medium containing 0.23 or 2.3 M TDZ increased the number of axillary shoots/explant. However, increasing the zeatin concentration to 4.6 M resulted in a reduced shoot proliferation rate. A medium containing 1.15 M TDZ and 2.3 M zeatin resulted in an 18-fold increase for 'Fuchsia' and a 9-fold increase for 'Hino Crimson' after 6 weeks of culture. It was found that explants grown on a half-strength Anderson's medium with 87.6 mM sucrose generally had better shoot proliferation rate and shoot quality than at higher ionic strength.