Phenological and physiological evaluation of first and second cropping periods of sorghum and maize crops

Environmental conditions influence phenology and physiological processes of plants. It is common for maize and sorghum to be sown at two different periods: the first cropping (spring/summer) and the second cropping (autumn/winter). The phenological cycle of these crops varies greatly according to the planting season, and it is necessary to characterize the growth and development to facilitate the selection of the species best adapted to the environment. The aim of this study was to characterize phenological phases and physiological parameters in sorghum and maize plants as a function of environmental conditions from the first cropping and second cropping periods. Two parallel experiments were conducted with both crops. The phenological characterization was based on growth analyses (plant height, leaf area and photoassimilate partitioning) and gas exchange evaluations (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water-use efficiency). It was found that the vegetative stage (VS) for sorghum and maize plants was 7 and 21 days, respectively, longer when cultivated during the second cropping. In the first cropping, the plants were taller than in the second cropping, regardless of the crop. The stomatal conductance of sorghum plants fluctuated in the second cropping during the development period, while maize plants showed decreasing linear behaviour. Water-use efficiency in sorghum plants was higher during the second cropping compared with the first cropping. In maize plants, in the second cropping, the water-use efficiency showed a slight variation in relation to the first cropping. It was concluded that the environmental conditions as degree-days, temperature, photoperiod and pluvial precipitation influence the phenology and physiology of both crops during the first and the second cropping periods, specifically cycle duration, plant height, leaf area, net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency, indicating that both crops respond differentially to environmental changes during the growing season.     

Diurnal and seasonal occurrence,feeding habits and mating behavior ofMaladera matrida adults in Israel

Adult populations ofMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a beetle highly injurious to agricultural crops, were studied in the coastal plain of Israel from 1985 to 1988. There were two generations annually. Adults emerged in March, April or May and disappeared in October or November. The beetles are on the wing, mate, and feed at twilight and in the dark. Feeding and mating behavior, sex ratio, and preferred food plants were studied.     

湖南省推进兽医社会化服务发展的探索与实践

湖南省主动适应兽医工作新形势,积极推进兽医社会化服务发展,创新服务体制机制,扎实稳妥开展兽医社会化服务试点。本文总结了湖南省推进兽医社会化服务发展取得的成效,包括防疫效果提升、人员待遇提高、职能定位明确,发展空间拓宽等,分析了改革试点中存在的社会化服务组织发展困难、财政投入不足、监管体系能力薄弱等问题,提出了加强统筹协调、注重组织培育、加强财政保障、强化绩效评估等发展建议,为全面推进兽医社会化服务提供了借鉴。     

蛤蜊岗不同贝龄四角蛤蜊数量性状的通径分析

为研究蛤蜊岗不同贝龄四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)形态性状与质量性状之间的相关性,采用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等方法,对1~3龄四角蛤蜊的壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)、壳高(SH)、活体湿重(BW)和软组织湿重(RW)等参数进行分析,建立形态性状与质量性状之间的回归方程。结果显示,不同生长阶段四角蛤蜊形态性状对质量性状的贡献存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。与1~3龄四角蛤蜊活体湿重最相关的形态性状均为壳宽。对软组织湿重影响最大的形态性状,在1龄贝为壳宽,在2龄和3龄贝为壳长。壳高对2龄四角蛤蜊活体湿重和软组织湿重的直接通径系数均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。以活体湿重为目标性状时,1~3龄贝均应以壳宽为主要选择性状,并以壳长作为辅助选择性状;以软组织湿重为目标性状时,1龄贝应以壳宽为主要选择性状,同时辅以壳长;2龄和3龄贝均应以壳长为主要选择性状,并分别以壳宽和壳高作为2龄贝和3龄贝的辅助选择性状。研究结果可为蛤蜊岗四角蛤蜊良种选育提供基础数据。     

槟榔间作香露兜对土壤养分和养分吸收的影响

为了研究槟榔间作香露兜对土壤养分和养分吸收的影响,采用盆栽试验的方法,对槟榔单作、槟榔间作香露兜和香露兜单作3种种植模式的土壤理化性质和养分吸收进行比较研究。结果表明：槟榔间作香露兜后,相对于单作槟榔,土壤EC值和碱解氮含量显著降低47.15%和25.74%,土壤速效磷含量显著增加32.32%,其中碱解氮与过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶极显著负相关,速效磷与总根长、根系总表面积、根体积、根数目、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶显著正相关,速效磷与过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶极显著正相关;槟榔地上部N浓度以及香露兜地上部P和K浓度分别显著增加41.56%、26.56%和25.69%;而槟榔和香露兜根系以及地上部N、P和K养分含量均高于单作,其中根系槟榔P和K含量和香露兜K含量显著增加;同时,间作后槟榔和香露兜对N的吸收效率均高于单作,香露兜的P和K的吸收效率高于单作并略高于槟榔的吸收效率,其中P和K的吸收效率与总根长、总表面积、根体积、根数目均显著正相关,氮的吸收效率与根系形态无显著相关关系。综上所述,槟榔间作香露兜增加了土壤中速效磷含量,促进了槟榔和香露兜对氮、磷和钾养分的吸收,土壤速效磷含量的增加、养分吸收效率的提高均与根系形态显著正相关。     

四种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及初级风险评估

采用饲喂管法和点滴法,分别测定了吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、啶虫脒4种原药及其制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的急性毒性,并采用危害商值(HQ)法进行了初级风险评价。结果表明:饲喂管法测得97.3%吡虫啉原药、25%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、96%噻虫嗪原药、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、97%噻虫胺原药、5%噻虫胺可湿性粉剂、96%啶虫脒原药及40%啶虫脒可溶性粉剂的经口毒性48 hLD50值分别为有效成分8.04×10-3、9.46×10-3、7.04×10-3、4.64×10-3、11.8×10-3、5.25×10-3、5.22和6.31μg/蜂;点滴法测得各药剂的接触毒性48 h-LD50值分别为有效成分2.46×10-2、1.33×10-2、3.63×10-2、9.27×10-3、1.52×10-2、2.21×10-2、5.82和5.07μg/蜂。按《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的毒性等级划分标准,啶虫脒原药及其可溶性粉剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为中等毒,其他6种药剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为高毒;根据危害商值(HQ),啶虫脒对蜜蜂为低风险,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对蜜蜂均存在高风险。