拖拉机集材对迹地土壤条件及苗木生长影响的研究(Ⅱ)——拖拉机对集材道苗木生长影响的灰色动态分析

履带式拖拉机和轮式拖拉机由于其走行机构的不同,其集材道土壤压实也存在差异,特别衡量土壤压实的两个重要指标——土壤硬度和孔隙度——两种机型不一致。通过对调查测定数据进行计算处理以及用灰色系统理论进行动态分析,结果表明:与轮式拖拉机相比,履带式拖拉机对苗木生长是有利的。     

2CMF-2型马铃薯施肥种植机

我国马铃薯传统的种植方法是切块种植,这给机械化带来一定困难.近年来,虽然有了初步定型的种植机,但性能指标并不理想,主要存在重播和漏播严重、株距不均等问题.为此,设计了2CMF-2型马铃薯施肥种植机,阐述了其设计原理和设计思想,介绍了其技术参数及结构特点,从而为马铃薯施肥种植机的研制提供参考依据.     

Analysing taxonomic structures and local ecological processes in temperate forests in North Eastern China

Background

One of the core issues of forest community ecology is the exploration of how ecological processes affect community structure. The relative importance of different processes is still under debate. This study addresses four questions: (1) how is the taxonomic structure of a forest community affected by spatial scale? (2) does the taxonomic structure reveal effects of local processes such as environmental filtering, dispersal limitation or interspecific competition at a local scale? (3) does the effect of local processes on the taxonomic structure vary with the spatial scale? (4) does the analysis based on taxonomic structures provide similar insights when compared with the use of phylogenetic information? Based on the data collected in two large forest observational field studies, the taxonomic structures of the plant communities were analyzed at different sampling scales using taxonomic ratios (number of genera/number of species, number of families/number of species), and the relationship between the number of higher taxa and the number of species. Two random null models were used and the “standardized effect size” (SES) of taxonomic ratios was calculated, to assess possible differences between the observed and simulated taxonomic structures, which may be caused by specific ecological processes. We further applied a phylogeny-based method to compare results with those of the taxonomic approach.

Results

As expected, the taxonomic ratios decline with increasing grain size. The quantitative relationship between genera/families and species, described by a linearized power function, showed a good fit. With the exception of the family-species relationship in the Jiaohe study area, the exponents of the genus/family-species relationships did not show any scale dependent effects. The taxonomic ratios of the observed communities had significantly lower values than those of the simulated random community under the test of two null models at almost all scales. Null Model 2 which considered the spatial dispersion of species generated a taxonomic structure which proved to be more consistent with that in the observed community. As sampling sizes increased from 20 m × 20 m to 50 m × 50 m, the magnitudes of SESs of taxonomic ratios increased. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, we found that the Jiaohe plot was phylogenetically clustered at almost all scales. We detected significant phylogenetically overdispersion at the 20 m × 20 m and 30 m × 30 m scales in the Liangshui plot.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the effect of abiotic filtering is greater than the effects of interspecific competition in shaping the local community at almost all scales. Local processes influence the taxonomic structures, but their combined effects vary with the spatial scale. The taxonomic approach provides similar insights as the phylogenetic approach, especially when we applied a more conservative null model. Analysing taxonomic structure may be a useful tool for communities where well-resolved phylogenetic data are not available.

     

新疆吐鲁番产区‘美乐’葡萄成熟度指标体系研究

为确定新疆吐鲁番产区酿酒葡萄的最佳采收期,对不同成熟期‘美乐’（Merlot,ML）果实和葡萄酒的基本理化指标和多酚指标进行测定,运用主成分分析和感官分析法确定果实中各项成熟指标的相关性,筛选对品质影响最大的指标,并确定最佳采收期。结果显示：8月14日及之后的葡萄达到技术成熟;8月28日的‘美乐’葡萄果皮、果籽、葡萄酒中酚类物质总量达到最高,且酿造的葡萄酒质量最佳;主成分分析筛选出一级指标总酸,二级指标皮总单宁,三级指标籽总酚的‘美乐’葡萄最佳采收期判定的指标体系;不同采收期‘美乐’果实主成分综合得分结果显示,8月28日的‘美乐’葡萄品质最好。可见,‘美乐’葡萄适宜在8月28日前后 采收。     

山西太岳山天然油松林主要木本植物种群结构及空间分布格局研究

油松是暖温带落叶阔叶林区的代表性树种之一,是我国北方地区重要的造林绿化树种。研究了太岳山林区天然油松林主要木本植物种群的径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明:油松种群由于缺乏幼苗幼树,径级结构呈倒金字塔型,属衰退型种群;辽东栎、青楷槭等5种阔叶树种种群的径级结构呈纺锤形,属进展种群。油松、辽东栎、杨树、山杏、山楂在整个尺度范围内呈集群分布;白桦与茶条槭在小尺度范围呈明显的集群分布,在中、大尺度变成随机分布;青楷槭在中尺度范围呈随机分布,但是小尺度和大尺度呈集群分布;五角枫在整个尺度上呈随机分布的趋势;赤杨在尺度变化过程中由集群分布变成均匀分布。上层阔叶树和下层阔叶树呈集群分布的趋势,但下层阔叶树随尺度的变化由集群分布变成随机分布。种群的空间分布格局是物种的生物学、生态学特性及其自然环境长期作用的结果,是种群的一种生存策略或适应机制。     

Dynamics and drivers of aboveground biomass accumulation during recovery from selective harvesting in an uneven-aged forest

European Journal of Forest Research - Selective harvesting is a common silvicultural practice to ensure sustainable use of uneven-aged forests, but our understanding of how multiple forest...     

原生质体技术与观赏植物育种

原生质体培养和植株再生技术在观赏植物育种中起重要作用。原生质体的来源、原生质体的分离、培养基的成分、培养方法等,都对原生质体的培养有重要影响。近年来,观赏植物原生质体在细胞融合、遗传转化上有了一定发展,为创造观赏植物新种质提供了新途径和方法。     

洛特卡－沃特拉模型的协同学分析

本文用哈肯协同学的基本原理分析弱肉强食模型，即捕食与被捕食模型．由捕食者和被捕食者构成的系统是一个典型的生态自组织系统，通过对这个系统的序参量方程进行定态线性稳定性分析和非线性稳定性分析，得到了捕食者与被捕食者浓度随时间振荡这一生态现象的基本规律和特征．     

拖拉机对集材道土壤及苗木生长影响的研究

集材道土壤受拖拉机反复走行作用产生地表轧乱和土壤压实现象，造成水土流失和腐殖质丧失，这对更新苗木的生长产生了不良影响．本文通过实地调查测定，应用灰色系统理论，研究了拖拉机集材时集材道上土壤硬度、孔隙度的变化及对苗木生长的影响。在履带式拖拉机集材道上，土壤的硬度、孔隙度都比轮式拖拉机集材道上的大。与土壤硬度相比，孔隙度对苗木生长的影响更大些。从而得出了就苗木高生长而言，履带式拖拉机比轮式拖拉机的损害要小。     

长白山阔叶红松林乔木树种幼苗组成与空间分布

以长白山阔叶红松林永久样地为平台,基于该群落幼苗、大树的调查数据,对乔木树种幼苗组成进行初步分析,并运用点格局分析法,对群落中幼苗及幼苗与大树相关关系进行研究。结果表明:该群落物种组成较丰富,共调查到乔木树种大树1 802株,隶属于20种,幼苗9 332株,隶属于10种,这些幼苗也是样地内主要乔木树种的组成成分。在1 hm2样地内,共调查到水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)幼苗6 986株,紫椴(Tilia amurensis)幼苗832株,色木槭(Acer mono)幼苗394株,青楷槭(Acer tegmentosum)幼苗250株,花楷槭(Acer ukurunduensis)幼苗123株,假色槭(Acer pseudo-sieboldianum)幼苗289株,簇毛槭(Acer barbinerve)幼苗438株,红松(Pinus koraiensis)幼苗3株,蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)幼苗10株,怀槐(Maackia amurensis)幼苗7株。从幼苗的空间分布格局来看,优势树种幼苗在小尺度上呈现聚集分布,随着尺度的增大而逐渐趋于随机分布。从幼苗与成树相关关系来看,优势树种的幼苗与大树未表现出显著的相关性。