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‘Goldfinger’, a tetraploid banana produced from the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) breeding program, was released to the Australian industry in 1995. It was promoted as an apple-flavoured dessert banana with resistance to Fusarium wilt race 1 and subtropical race 4, as well as resistance to black and yellow Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis and M. musicola, respectively). This study was initiated to provide agronomic information to the banana industry, which was under threat from Fusarium wilt, on a new cultivar which could replace ‘Williams’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) or ‘Lady Finger’ (AAB, Pome subgroup) in those areas affected by Fusarium wilt. Also few studies had reported on the production characteristics of the new tetraploid hybrids, especially from subtropical areas, and therefore two field sites, one a steep-land farm and the other a level, more productive site, were selected for planting density and spatial arrangement treatments. The optimum density in terms of commercial production, taking into account bunch weight, finger size, length of the production cycle, plant height and ease of management, was 1680 plants/ha on the steep-land site where plants were planted in single rows with 2.5 m × 2.5 m spacings. However on the level site a double-row triangular layout with inter-row distances of 4.5 m to allow vehicular access (1724 plants/ha) gave the best results. With this arrangement plants were in an alternate, triangular arrangement along a row and a spacing of 1.5 m between plants at the points of each triangle and between each block of triangles. 相似文献
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Top 20 environmental weeds for classical biological control in Europe: a review of opportunities, regulations and other barriers to adoption 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
Classical biological control remains the only tool available for permanent ecological and economic management of invasive alien species that flourish through absence of their co‐evolved natural enemies. As such, this approach is recognized as a key tool for alien species management by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and the European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species (ESIAS). Successful classical biological control programmes abound around the world, despite disproportionate attention being given to occasional and predictable non‐target impacts. Despite more than 130 case histories in Europe against insect pests, no exotic classical biological control agent has been released in the EU against an alien invasive weed. This dearth has occurred in the face of increasing numbers of exotic invasive plants being imported and taking over National Parks, forests and amenity areas in this region, as well as a global increase in the use of classical biological control around the world. This paper reviews potential European weed targets for classical biological control from ecological and socioeconomic perspectives using the criteria of historical biological control success, taxonomic isolation from European native flora, likely availability of biological control agents, invasiveness outside Europe and value to primary industry and horticulture (potential for conflicts of interest). We also review why classical biological control of European exotic plants remains untested, considering problems of funding and public perception. Finally, we consider the regulatory framework that surrounds such biological control activities within constituent countries of the EU to suggest how this approach may be adopted in the future for managing invasive exotic weeds in Europe. 相似文献
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Ninety eight parous fallow does received laparoscopic intrauterine insemination of frozen-thawed semen at one of 2 fixed intervals following oestrus synchronisation treatment. Semen was collected from a Mesopotamian (Dama dama mesopotamica) and a crossbred (F1) (Dama dama dama x Dama dama mesopotamica) fallow buck. Does were inseminated at either 56 or 66 hours after the removal of an intravaginal controlled internal drug releasing device. Eighty eight does received a single straw of frozen-thawed semen containing a total of 50 x 10(6) spermatozoa, while the remaining 10 received split straws containing 25 x 10(6) spermatozoa. Overall, the use of F1 semen containing 50 x 10(6) spermatozoa resulted in a 68% (17/25) conception rate compared with the Mesopotamian semen, which resulted in a 41% (26/63) conception rate. Conceptions were also achieved using 25 x 10(6) spermatozoa of either Mesopotamian or F1 semen (3/8 versus 2/2, respectively). Overall, the conception rate was higher for F1 than Mesopotamian semen (P less than 0.025) and there was a significant interaction with time of insemination (P less than 0.05); for F1 semen there was no difference in conception rate at the 2 insemination times, but for Mesopotamian semen conception was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) following insemination at 66 hours than at 56 hours. 相似文献
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A. W. Whiley J. B. Saranah B. N. Wolstenholme T. S. Rasmussen 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):593-600
Mid-anthesis foliar sprays of paclobutrazol (PB) at 2.5, 1.25 and 0.62 g a.i. I-1 reduced spring growth and altered dry-matter distribution in fruiting spring shoots of ‘Hass’ avocado.(Persea americana Mill.) trees. There was a decrease in dry matter allocation to vegetative components and an increase in allocation to fruit. The starch concentration in the wood of spring shoots on trees treated with 2.5 g a.i. I-1 foliar PB was increased by ca. 70% compared with spring shoots from trees of other treatments. The mid-anthesis foliar treatments also reduced summer growth by ca. 20%. Trunk injection of PB at 0.2 g a.i. m~2 of canopy silhouette area when the spring growth matured, in addition to a mid- anthesis foliar spray of 1.25 g a.i. I-1, reduced the length of summer shoots by 36% when compared with untreated trees. The spray treatments of 2.5 and 1.25 g a.i. T1 PB at mid- anthesis increased the mean fruit size at harvest by 16 and 11% respectively. Fruit yield was not significantly affected by PB applications on an annual basis. However, the PB spray treatments of 1.25 and 0.62 g a.i. I-1 significantly increased the two year cumulative yield by ca. 63%. There was no significant effect from the trunk injection treatment on fruit yield in either the season of treatment or the following season. 相似文献
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N. Sukhvibul A. W. Whiley M. K. Smith Suzan E. Hetherington V. Vithanage 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(1):64-68
SummaryThe effect of temperature on inflorescence development and sex expression in two mono-embryonic (`Irwin' and `Sensation'), and two poly-embryonic (`Nam Dok Mai' and `Kensington') mango cultivars was studied. Trees were subjected to natural winter temperatures to induce flowering prior to transfer into controlled environment glasshouse rooms under day/night temperature regimes of 15/5, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/208C for 20 weeks. Inflorescence development did not progress when trees were held at 15/58C. Cooler temperatures (20/108C) delayed the start of anthesis (42.4.d) compared with trees grown at 25/158C (23.d) and 30/208C (16.1.d). At 20/108C, the delay in the start of anthesis was greatest for `Sensation' (55.5.d) and least for `Nam Dok Mai' (25.5.d) while at other temperatures there was little difference between cultivars. The distribution of hermaphrodite flowers within the inflorescence was independent of temperature with the highest percentage found in the apical half of the inflorescence. There was an inverse relationship between the length of the anthesis period and temperature, with anthesis occurring over 30.d at 20/108C and reducing to fewer than 10.d at 30/208C. Temperature also had an inverse effect on the total number of flowers per inflorescence with 619.6.6.108.0 (mean for all cultivars) at 20/108C decreasing to 431.3.6.80.5 at 30/208C. 相似文献
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R Akter AW Stent FM Sansom JR Gilkerson C Burden JM Devlin AR Legione CM El-Hage 《Australian veterinary journal》2020,98(11):570-573
Chlamydia psittaci was detected by PCR in the lung and equine foetal membranes of two aborted equine foetuses and one weak foal from two different studs in Victoria, Australia. The abortions occurred in September 2019 in two mares sharing a paddock northeast of Melbourne. The weak foal was born in October 2019 in a similar geographical region and died soon after birth despite receiving veterinary care. The detection of C. psittaci DNA in the lung and equine foetal membranes of the aborted or weak foals and the absence of any other factors that are commonly associated with abortion or neonatal death suggest that this pathogen may be the cause of the reproductive loss. The detection of C. psittaci in these cases is consistent with the recent detection of C. psittaci in association with equine abortion in New South Wales. These cases in Victoria show that C. psittaci, and the zoonotic risk it poses, should be considered in association with equine reproductive loss in other areas of Australia. 相似文献