田间微集雨技术研究及应用

过去30 a,田间微集雨技术逐渐发展成为黄土高原雨养农业区的主要耕作技术。自上世纪八十年代以来,不同田间微集雨及覆盖（地膜、砂石和秸秆）栽培技术在黄土高原不断更新换代,先后经历了垄沟无覆盖技术、平地覆盖技术、垄沟半覆盖技术和垄沟全覆盖技术等发展过程,特别是沟垄地膜全覆盖技术大面积推广和应用,为西北旱区粮食单产大幅度提高提供了强大的支撑作用。本文综述了田间微集雨技术的演变历程及对农田生态系统的影响及机理,归纳了垄沟和覆盖模式及播种方式对作物产量形成、水分利用效率、作物生理生态、土壤质量、土壤微生物、杂草、病虫害、覆盖物残留和作物物候等的影响,并分析了该技术的高产高效和生态风险以及两者的互作关系。文章最后还对该技术的高效性、可持续性和发展潜力进行了讨论,旨在对雨养农业生态系统的可持续管理提供理论指导。     

Identification,pathogenicity and control of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe elevata on Eucalyptus pellita in Sumatra,Indonesia

Powdery mildews are biotrophic ascomycetes that do not typically kill their hosts, but instead interfere with normal plant growth. In Indonesia, white powdery spots were observed forming on the upper part of fully developed leaves of Eucalyptus pellita planted in sand beds of a clonal nursery. Thus, this study aimed to identify the causal agent of eucalypt powdery mildew in Indonesia as well as to develop control strategies to better manage the disease. Pathogen identification was based on morphology, molecular characterization of DNA sequencing the ITS region and pathogenicity test. In addition, considering that some powdery mildews are inhibited by free moisture on leaves, efficacy of foliar watering was tested for disease control. Phylogenetic analyses showed that isolates collected from infected eucalypt plants grouped together with other sequences of the Erysiphe elevata clade with bootstrap support of 99%; a similar result was also confirmed by morphological observations. Pathogenicity of powdery mildew on eucalypt plants was confirmed through artificial inoculation, thus fulfilling the Koch's postulates. For disease control, foliar watering reduced the incidence of powdery mildew on mother plants. The reduction of the disease incidence began to be more evident at 2 weeks after trial establishment, and in the fourth week, the incidence was below 10% in all three treatments, while the control was above 20%. Therefore, we concluded that E. elevata is the causal agent of powdery mildew in Indonesia and that one application of foliar watering per week was enough to minimize the disease impact in the nursery.     

A novel approach for development,standardization, and safety testing of enriched alum-precipitated vaccine against hemorrhagic septicemia in different breeds of cattle

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Hemorrhagic septicemia is a fatal disease of cattle and buffalo all over the world including Pakistan and it causes heavy economic losses every year. The...