Acid sulfate soils (ASS) are characterized by low pH, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) toxicity and are typically deficient in phosphate (PO4). The application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer could help reduce the level of exchangeable Al and Fe, thereby improving the rice growth and yield. Five levels of P (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)/ha) were tested with rice varieties MTL560 in the wet season and MTL480 in the dry season. The optimum rate of P was 60 kg P2O5/ha for rice in the dry season and 80 kg P2O5/ha in the wet season. Soil testing showed at the start of the season that there was sufficient P in the soil. At the end of the season there was a reduction in soil Al and Fe in plots that had P rates above 40 kg P2O5/ha. It is therefore likely that P application reduced Al and Fe toxicity through precipitation and formation of Al-P and Fe-P compounds, which boasted yield, rather amending a soil P deficiency. 相似文献
Resistance amongst rats to second-generation anticoagulants, notably difenacoum, has been recognised since the 1970s. Although initially considered to be of practical significance, doubts were subsequently expressed that the degree of resistance was sufficient to explain ineffective rodenticide treatments. Research published elsewhere demonstrated the overriding importance of poor poisoned bait consumption, caused by the influence of certain ecological factors on rat behaviour, in reducing the effectiveness of second-generation anticoagulant treatments on farms in southern England. In this paper we consider, however, the subtle effects of resistance to anticoagulants on treatment outcome. The prevalence of resistance was increased amongst survivors of treatments and bait consumption by resistant survivors was higher than amongst susceptible survivors. The overall prevalence and degree of resistance to second-generation anticoagulants does not, however, currently represent a practical problem. Nevertheless, selection favouring increased resistance remains a long-term threat to the effectiveness of both difenacoum and bromadiolone. 相似文献
Fineroots (≤ 2 mm diameter) are dynamic components of the forest ecosystems and play important role in water and nutrient acquisition in forests. These roots are sensitive to forest fertilization and therefore, the response of fineroots to nutrient application would provide better understanding of the forest carbon and nutrient dynamics that will be helpful in sustainable forest management plans. Two fertilization treatments, including (1) F400: 400 g P2O5 (16.5%)/tree and (2) F600: 600 g P2O5 /tree, and F0: control (without fertilization), were applied in an Acacia mangium plantation with a planting density of 1100 trees/ha (3 m?×?3 m). The evaluation of fineroot growth across seasons showed that fertilization significantly increased production and subsequent mortality and decomposition. The total decomposition associated with F600 application was 7.95 tons ha?1 year?1, equaling 121% of F400 and 160% of the control. Mortality in F600 was 8.75 tons ha?1 year?1, equaling 111% of F400 and 198% of F0, while production in F600 was 10.40 tons ha?1 year?1, equaling 127% of F400 and 143% of F0. Fineroot production, mortality, and decomposition are seasonally dependent, with higher values measured in the rainy season than in the dry season. Stand basal area increment was significantly correlated with fineroot production (R2?=?0.75), mortality (R2?=?0.44), and decomposition (R2?=?0.48). This study showed that fertilization could facilitate fineroot production, which can then lead to a higher turnover of carbon and nutrients through the decomposition of the greater mass of the fineroots.
It is a fact that in Viet Nam, Muscovy ducks are raised in large populations (approximately 8 million), usually kept in small flocks together with mallards and chickens. As a result, it is a great concern for epidemiologists to elucidate possible differences in relation to these species being exposed to infection with H5N1. To do this, an experimental study on infections with different genotypes of H5N1 in mallards and Muscovy ducks have been conducted, where it was found that the mortality of the inoculated Muscovy ducks was at least 80%, regardless of the virus strain employed. In contrast, the mortality of the mallards ranged from nil to 100%, which suggests that Muscovy ducks are more susceptible to HPAIV H5N1 infection in terms of disease development and mortality. It was also found that higher virus titers developed in vital organs of Muscovy ducks compared to mallards, particularly in the brain. Due to their high susceptibility, it is unlikely that Muscovy ducks act as a silent reservoir. The virus strains used in this study, to a certain degree, differed in their virulence properties to the bird species in question. 相似文献
Historical profiles of trace element concentrations were reconstructed from two mangrove sediment cores collected within the
Ba Lat Estuary (BLE), Red River, Vietnam. Chronologies of sediment cores were determined by the 210Pb method, which showed that each respective sediment core from the south and north entrances of BLE provided a record of
sediment accumulation spanning approximately 100 and 60 years. The profiles of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, V, Co, Sb, and Sn concentrations
markedly increased from the years of the 1920s–1950s, and leveled out from 1950s–1980s, and then gradually decreased from
1980s to present. The profiles of Cd and Ag concentrations increased from 1920s–1940s, and then decreased from 1940s to present.
The profile of Mo concentrations progressively increased from 1920s–1980s, then decreased to present. The Mn concentrations
failed to show a clear trend in both sediment cores. Results from contamination factors, Pearson’s correlation, and hierarchical
cluster analysis suggest that the trace elements were likely attributed to discharge of untreated effluents from industry,
domestic sewage, as well as non-point sources. Pollution Load Index (PLI) revealed levels higher than other mangrove sediment
studies, and the long-term variations in PLI matched significant socioeconomic shifts and population growth in Vietnam. Geoaccumulation
Index showed that mangrove sediments were moderately polluted by Pb and Ag, and from unpolluted to moderately polluted by
Zn, Cu, and Sb. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd exceeded the threshold effect levels and effect range low concentrations
of sediment quality guidelines, implying that the sediments may be occasionally associated with adverse biological effects
to benthic organisms. 相似文献