Smoke puffs as models for the study of spore dispersal in and above a cereal crop

Samenvatting De verspreiding van roestsporen door turbulente luchtbewegingen wordt geïllustreerd met behulp van rookwolkjes. Rookwolkjes werden geproduceerd nabij het actieve buitenoppervlak van een gerstgewas. De bewegingen van de rookwolkjes werden gefilmd. Iedere kwart seconde werd de op de film zichtbare buitenomtrek van een rookwolkje op een tekening vastgelegd (Fig. 1 t/m 10). De verplaatsing van het zwaartepunt van ieder rookwolkje kon een aantal seconden gevolgd worden (Fig. 11). De waarnemingen ondersteunen de gangbare opvattingen over de verspreiding van uredosporen binnen de gewasruimte en vanuit het gewas naar de, turbulente lucht daarboven.     

Recent trends in nursery practice in New Zealand

The plantation resource in New Zealand is now 1.73 million hectares, of which 90% is Pinus radiataD. Don (radiata pine). The resource has been expanding at over 50,000 ha per year since 1992, although new planting is currently declining. In 1998, new planting and restocking of previously clear-felled areas was 81,100 ha. Initial stocking rates vary, but are typically in the range of 800–1000 plants per hectare, requiring around 80 million nursery plants to be raised per year.Sufficient open-pollinated seed is produced for New Zealand requirements. An increasing proportion of more expensive control-pollinated seed is being used to increase genetic gain. This has led to increased use of vegetative propagation by cuttings and tissue culture, providing more than 25% of current planting stock. These propagules, especially cuttings, often have better early performance compared with seedlings, perhaps because of their larger size. Clonal forestry options are also now being evaluated.Seedling quality specifications have been well defined for bare-root radiata pine, but not well quantified for more recent plant types such as vegetative propagules or container-grown plants. Both root system quality and physiological age can be important for vegetative propagules. These propagules, especially cuttings with a physiological age of less than 4 years, have performed as well as seedlings for growth, and have been better than seedlings for stem form and early stability. Container-growing of planting stock is being introduced with this more valuable genetic material, and issues of plant quality are being raised, as it is expensive to grow large stock in containers. More research should be done to determine what plant quality standards are required to ensure successful establishment with these stock types.