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1.
Maria Jo?o Rodrigues Katkam N. Gangadhar Catarina Vizetto-Duarte Sileshi G. Wubshet Nils T. Nyberg Luísa Barreira Jo?o Varela Luísa Custódio 《Marine drugs》2014,12(4):2228-2244
Extracts of five halophytes from southern Portugal (Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Mesembryanthemum edule, Juncus acutus, Plantago coronopus and Halimione portulacoides), were studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and in vitro antitumor properties. The most active extracts towards the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were the methanol extracts of M. edule (IC50 = 0.1 mg/mL) and J. acutus (IC50 = 0.4 mg/mL), and the ether extracts of J. acutus (IC50 = 0.2 mg/mL) and A. macrostachyum (IC50 = 0.3 mg/mL). The highest radical scavenging activity (RSA) against the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical was obtained in the ether extract of J. acutus (IC50 = 0.4 mg/mL) and H. portulacoides (IC50 = 0.9 mg/mL). The maximum total phenolic content (TPC) was found in the methanol extract of M. edule (147 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and in the ether extract of J. acutus (94 mg GAE/g). Significant decreases in nitric oxide (NO) production were observed after incubation of macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the chloroform extract of H. portulacoides (IC50 = 109 µg/mL) and the hexane extract of P. coronopus (IC50 = 98.0 µg/mL). High in vitro cytotoxic activity and selectivity was obtained with the ether extract of J. acutus. Juncunol was identified as the active compound and for the first time was shown to display selective in vitro cytotoxicity towards various human cancer cells. 相似文献
2.
Soil invertebrates are the major determinants of soil processes such as organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling.
However, the effect of quantity and quality of organic inputs on soil biota has not been studied in agroforestry systems in
southern Africa. Variations in soil macrofauna abundance under maize grown in fallows of Gliricidia sepium, Acacia anguistissima, Leucaena collinsii, Leucaena diversifolia, Leucaena esculenta, Leucaena pallida, Senna siamea, Calliandra calothyrsus and monoculture maize were assessed at three sites with contrasting agro-ecological conditions in eastern Zambia. It was
hypothesised that spatial variations in soil macrofauna abundance under maize crops are mediated by heterogeneity in the quality
and quantity of organic inputs produced by these legumes. The relationships between the abundance of macrofauna groups and
litter, leaf, stump re-sprout and recycled biomass, stump survival and the quality index lignin (L)+polyphenol (P) to nitrogen
(N) ratio were assessed using generalised linear models assuming spatial randomness (Poisson distribution) and aggregation
(negative binomial distribution). Earthworms, beetles and millipedes showed spatial aggregation, which was partly explained
by the heterogeneity in organic resource quantity and quality. Earthworms and beetles were more abundant under legumes that
produced high quantities of biomass with low (L + P) to N ratios and species that have high stump survival after coppicing.
Millipedes were favoured by species which produced high quantities of biomass with high (L + P) to N ratios. Although ants
and termites showed spatial aggregation, their distributions were not influenced by the quantity or quality of biomass produced
by the legumes. Centipedes and Arachnida showed spatial randomness, and their distribution was not influenced by any of the
organic quality and quantity variables. 相似文献
3.
Miyuki Iiyama David Newman Cristel Munster Meshack Nyabenge Gudeta W. Sileshi Violet Moraa James Onchieku Jeremias Gasper Mowo Ramni Jamnadass 《Agroforestry Systems》2013,87(4):729-746
With the global bioenergy boom, the planting of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) was widely promoted by the private sector and non-government organizations as one of the candidate tree species for bioenergy in Kenya. This was motivated by the belief that it grows easily with minimal management requirements. The present study attempts to determine whether management practices by smallholder farmers, which are heterogeneous, are optimal for jatropha yields in Kenya. A survey conducted in different agro-ecological zones showed that yields are very low under Kenyan farm conditions. Regardless of the age and management condition, 41 % of the farmers obtained no seed yield, while 79 % obtained up to 0.1 kg/tree. This is dismal in comparison with the figures (up to 2.0 kg/tree) reported from elsewhere for 1–5 year old trees grown under similar conditions. Examination of farmer management practices indicated that irrigation, manuring and weeding, in order to maximize yields, could be offset by misapplication of other components especially, selection of planting materials, timing of planting and choice of intercrops during the establishment phases. This indicates that the anticipated high yields have not been achieved partly because growers are still using unimproved germplasm, management practices are sub-optimal, and the biophysical boundaries of high jatropha yield are poorly defined. Thus at the current stage, jatropha should not be grown by smallholder farmers in Kenya because of low or dismal productivity. If jatropha is to play a role in the pro-poor bioenergy development, future projects need to identify management recommendations that optimize yields. This also needs to take into consideration the preferences and constraints of farm households on labor and land allocation to other farm and livelihood activities. 相似文献
4.
Gudeta Sileshi Paramu L. Mafongoya R. Chintu Festus K. Akinnifesi 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(12):3065-3075
Rotation of nitrogen-fixing woody legumes with maize has been widely promoted to reduce the loss of soil organic matter and decline in soil biological fertility in maize cropping systems in Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maize-fallow rotations with pure stands, two-species legume mixtures and mixed vegetation fallows on the richness and abundance of soil macrofauna and mineral nitrogen (N) dynamics. Pure stands of sesbania (Sesbania sesban), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii), 1:1 mixtures of sesbania + pigeon pea and sesbania + tephrosia, and a mixed vegetation fallow were compared with a continuously cropped monoculture maize receiving the recommended fertilizer rate, which was used as the control. The legume mixtures did not differ from the respective pure stands in leaf, litter and recycled biomass, soil Ca, Mg and K. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures consistently increased richness in soil macrofauna, and abundance of earthworms and millipedes compared with the maize monoculture (control). The nitrate-N, ammonium-N and total mineral N concentration of the till layer soil (upper 20 cm) of pure stands and mixed-species legume plots were comparable with the control plots. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures also gave higher maize grain yield compared with the pure stands of legume species and mixed vegetation fallows. It is concluded that maize-legume rotations increase soil macrofaunal richness and abundance compared with continuously cropped maize, and that further research is needed to better understand the interaction effect of macrofauna and mixtures of organic resources from legumes on soil microbial communities and nutrient fluxes in such agro-ecosystems. 相似文献
5.
Ntsikane Maine James Lowenberg-DeBoer Wilhelem Thomas Nell Zerihun Gudeta Alemu 《Precision Agriculture》2010,11(5):448-463
The response of maize (Zea mays) to banded variable-rate nitrogen (N) application over a period of 3 years (2002/3–2004/5) is analyzed. The experimental
design alternated variable-rate (VR) and single-rate (SR) applications of N. The yield monitor data were spatially autocorrelated
and therefore were analyzed with spatial regression methods. The baseline spatial regression model defined in this study showed
that the VR treatment, treatment by year and treatment by management zone were statistically significant. Sensitivity tests
were applied; the first showed that VR treatment had a yield advantage when soil depth was greater than the field average
of 174 cm. The second test showed that the VR N rates applied were close to those that would maximize profit. Partial budgeting
indicates that benefits from VR vary from year to year, but in this test VR was slightly more profitable than uniform rate
application. Economic sensitivity testing indicates that farm size and the price of maize are the key factors in the profitability
of VR N. 相似文献
6.
Belew S Hussien J Regassa F Belay K Tolosa T 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(7):1599-1603
An experimental study to investigate the susceptibility pattern of Haemonchus contortus to commonly used anthelmintics (albendazole, tetramisole, ivermectin, and triclobendazole) was conducted between June and September 2009. Adult H. contortus parasites were collected from a total of 30 sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir. The anthelmintics were assessed for egg hatch inhibition ability against H. contortus eggs. The eggs (500 eggs/ml) were incubated with different concentrations (0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, and 0.015625?μg/ml) at 26°C for 48?h. Egg hatching inhibition of different anthelmintics at different concentrations was recorded. The overall mean percent inhibition showed that there was a significant difference (p?0.05) among the different concentrations. Mean egg hatch inhibition of ivermectin showed the highest result (84.90?%) at 0.25?μg/ml, followed by albendazole (78.77?%), triclobendazole (76.66?%), and tetramisole (78.98?%), respectively. The overall mean percent inhibition showed a significant difference (p?0.05) among the different anthelmintics. Further evaluation of these anthelmintics was recommended. 相似文献
7.
Gudeta W. Sileshi Festus K. Akinnifesi France M. Gondwe Oluyede C. Ajayi Simon Mng’omba Konisaga Mwafongo 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,83(3):361-372
The production of paprika (Capsicum annum L.) under small-scale farm conditions in southern Africa is constrained by low soil fertility and lack of appropriate cultivars.
The objective of this study was to determine the growth responses and fruit yields of six cultivars of paprika to organic
and inorganic nutrient sources. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station in Malawi.
A combination of six paprika cultivars and four nutrient sources, namely (1) organic input from Gliricidia, (Gliricidia sepium) biomass, (2) inorganic fertilizer, (3) integrated nutrient input (Gliricidia biomass + inorganic fertilizer), and (4) control
(no nutrient input) were compared. Each combination was replicated five times. A split-plot design was used where nutrient
sources formed the main plot and cultivars the sub-plots. Plant height differed due to nutrient source in 2007 and 2008, while
differences due to cultivar were minor. The control plots produced the shortest plants (height < 50 cm), while plots receiving
the integrated nutrient input produced the tallest plants (height > 60 cm). Numbers of branches and fruits per plant differed
due to nutrient source and cultivar during most of the study period. Plants receiving either organic inputs (Gliricidia biomass)
alone or the integrated nutrient input alone had significantly higher stem, leaf and fruit weight compared with the control.
Average fruit yield was lower in control plots than in plots receiving the organic input alone or the integrated nutrient
input. Among cultivars, Papri-King, Papri-Supreme and Papri-Queen produced higher dry fruit yield. The ASTA and RAL colour
rating was within the internationally accepted range for fruit from the treatments. 相似文献
8.
B. I. Nyoka O. C. Ajayi F. K. Akinnifesi T. Chanyenga S. A. Mng’omba G. Sileshi R. Jamnadass T. Madhibha 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,83(1):75-87
The lack of high quality agroforestry tree germplasm has long been recognized as one of the major challenges to widespread
adoption of agroforestry in Southern Africa. Productivity levels realized in operational scale plantings are far less than
those demonstrated in research and this has been partly blamed on the use of germplasm of unknown quality and low productivity
potential. The lack of high quality germplasm is attributable to the absence of regulations to govern its production in the
countries promoting agroforestry. Most of the agroforestry tree germplasm is sold or distributed without regard to its genetic,
physiological and physical quality. Given these challenges, in this paper, we reviewed crop seed certification in general
and tree germplasm certification in the USA, Europe, India, Southern Africa and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) with a view to find potential similarities with agroforestry tree germplasm. Only three countries in
sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, Madagascar and Rwanda) were found to have tree germplasm certification: the OECD Forest
Seed and Plant certification scheme. From the review, it is possible to establish agroforestry tree germplasm quality control
systems, more so in countries that already have tree seed centres and tree seed regulations. A simple agroforestry tree germplasm
certification scheme, based on the FAOs Quality Declared Seed (QDS) with truth-in-labelling is recommended. Three germplasm
categories (audit, select and genetically improved) are recommended as a start. Furthermore, countries will need to develop
new or amend existing agricultural seed policies and regulations to include agroforestry tree germplasm certification under
QDS. Finally, germplasm quality standards for the selected agroforestry trees species in the respective countries will need
to be developed. 相似文献
9.
Agroforestry Tree Seed Production and Supply Systems in Malawi 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Betserai I. Nyoka Simon A. Mng��omba Festus K. Akinnifesi Oluyede C. Ajayi Gudeta Sileshi Ramni Jamnadass 《Small-Scale Forestry》2011,10(4):419-434
A sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system is vital to resource-constrained smallholder farmers who depend on
agroforestry to improve the productivity of their farm enterprises. Successful adoption of agroforestry hinges on the development
of a sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system. This paper reviews the agroforestry tree seed supply system in
Malawi, with a view to determining its sustainability and quality. Currently, more than 90% of the documented agroforestry
tree seed distributed to farmers is produced by smallholder farmers collected mainly from scattered farmland trees, the remainder
being produced from seed orchards and seed stands owned or controlled by research organizations. Three organizations—namely
the Land Resources Centre (LRC), National Tree Seed Centre (NTSC) of the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM) and
the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)—were identified as major procurers of agroforestry tree seed produced by smallholder
farmers. Agroforestry germplasm is distributed to farmers by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agricultural
and forestry extension departments. The procurement and distribution of germplasm to farmers is in general effective. The
major challenge to sustainability of agroforestry tree germplasm distribution in Malawi is dependence on donor funding. The
agroforestry tree seed system is, to some extent, sustainable with regards to production, although the genetic quality of
the germplasm is low. Germplasm storage facilities at national level are available and possibly adequate, but knowledge and
information on effective low-cost tree germplasm storage systems at household level are limited. Sustainability could be enhanced
by strengthening of grass-root organizations involved in tree seed production to institutionalize the distribution through
farmer–farmer exchange. There is also a need to support the development, promotion and adoption of low-cost tree germplasm
storage facilities by smallholder farmers. 相似文献
10.
埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系和结构分析(英文) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
描述了埃塞俄比亚东南部Dello Menna森林植被的植物区系组成和植被结构。鉴定和描述了50个20m×20m的样方的植物群落类型、物种多样性、丰富度和均匀性,分析了已鉴定植物群落类型与环境因子的相关性,还描述了木本植物种群结构。每个样方内,均记录木本植物的物种、丰富度、高度和胸径以及海拔、坡度。利用PC-ORD软件对植被进行分类。用Sorensen相似性系数探测群落之间的差异性。计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、物种丰富度、Shannon均匀性来描述各种植物群落的物种多样性。共记录了53个科的171个维管植物种。豆科植物是主要的优势植物科系,包括13个属26种(1 5%),其次依次是菊科、唇形科和槭树科,各包括8个物种(4.6%)。根据植物分类结果,识别并描述了3个植物群落(Dalbergia microphylla群落、Grewia bicolar-Acaciabrevispica群落、Combretum molle-Combretum collinum群落)。植物区系之间的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀性存在差异。物种丰富度和多样性随海拔变化呈现出贝尔型分布。群落间植物随海拔梯度有一定的变化,表明海拔是决定植物群落分布的重要因素之一。Dalbergia microphylla群落物种丰富度和多样性均最高。优势种群落结构呈现出各种模型。植被可持续利用是今后的研究方向。 相似文献