Population genetics and host specificity of Varroa destructor mites infesting eastern and western honeybees

In a globalized world, parasites are often brought in contact with new potential hosts. When parasites successfully shift host, severe diseases can emerge at a large cost to society. However, the evolutionary processes leading to successful shifts are rarely understood, hindering risk assessment, prevention, or mitigation of their effects. Here, we screened populations of Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of the honeybee genus Apis, to investigate their genetic structure and reproductive potential on new and original hosts. From the patterns identified, we deduce the factors that influenced the macro- and microevolutionary processes that led to the structure observed. Among the mite variants identified, we found two genetically similar populations that differed in their reproductive abilities and thus in their host specificity. These lineages could interbreed, which represents a threat due to the possible increased virulence of the parasite on its original host. However, interbreeding was unidirectional from the host-shifted to the nonshifted native mites and could thus lead to speciation of the former. The results improve our understanding of the processes affecting the population structure and evolution of this economically important mite genus and suggest that introgression between shifted and nonshifted lineages may endanger the original host.

     

种植方式对稻田氨挥发及氮磷流失风险的影响

研究洞庭湖双季稻区不同种植方式下,稻田氨挥发量变化、田面水氮磷浓度动态特征以及不同土壤深度养分含量差异,可为水稻机械化精准施肥,防控面源污染提供理论依据。研究采用田间试验方法,设置农民习惯+直播(T1)、控释尿素减氮10%+直播(T2)和机插一次性施肥减氮10%(T3)3个处理,原位监测早稻基肥期稻田氨挥发,取样监测施肥后田面水总氮、总磷及不同形态氮磷浓度,收获期计产,并取0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤测定其基本理化性状。结果表明,与T1相比,T3和T2田面水NH_4~+-N平均浓度分别降低46.04%和27.03%,氨挥发量分别降低18.62%和15.61%;田面水总氮平均浓度分别降低53.55%和22.96%,总磷浓度分别降低30.23%和11.63%;T3和T2均可显著增加稻田0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤中有机碳含量,提高全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷含量,水稻产量分别增加6.63%和5.98%。与T1相比,T3和T2两种施肥种植方式均能显著降低稻田氨挥发以及稻田田面水总氮、总磷浓度,能有效增加0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量。在3种种植方式中,T3在降低农田氮、磷流失风险、维持土壤肥力、促进水稻增产方面效果更显著。     

Long-term fertilisation regimes affect the composition of the alkaline phosphomonoesterase encoding microbial community of a vertisol and its derivative soil fractions

Alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) mainly originates from soil microbial secretion and plays a crucial role in the turnover of soil phosphorus (P). To examine the response of ALP-encoding microbial communities (analysed for the biomarker of the ALP gene, phoD) of soils and derivative soil fractions to different fertilisation regimes, soil samples were collected from a long-term experimental field (over 35 years). The different organic P (Po) pools of soil fractions and the ALP activity of soil were also determined. Compared with chemical-only fertilised soils, the ALP activity was 232–815% higher in organic-amended soils, and the highest enzyme activity was observed in the organic-only fertilised treatment. The abundance of the phoD gene harbouring in soil fractions, determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR), was affected by different fertilisations. The highest abundance of the phoD gene was generally detected in the 2–63-μm-sized fraction (silt), but most phoD-encoding microbial species were associated to the 0.1–2-μm-sized fraction (clay) in the chemical-only fertilised soil. The contents of labile Po (LPo), moderately labile Po (MLPo) and fulvic acid-associated Po (FAPo) were significantly correlated with the phoD gene abundance, whereas only LPo content was significantly correlated with the ALP activity. The dominant phoD-encoding phylas were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, according to a high-throughput sequencing. Bradyrhizobium, a N₂-fixer identified as a phoD-encoding genus, showed the highest abundance in fertilised soils. The abundance of Bradyrhizobium, Streptomyces, Modestobacter, Lysobacter, Frankia and Burkholderia increased with the organic-only amendment and was significantly correlated with the ALP activity. According to structure equation models (SEM), pH and LPo content significantly and directly affected the ALP activity; the soil organic C (C_org) content was related to composition and abundances of phoD-harbouring microbial communities; since both microbial properties were correlated to the ALP activity, the C_org content was indirectly related to the ALP activity. In conclusion, soil management practices can be used to optimise the contents of soil available P and the organic P with regulation of soil ALP activity and the community composition of corresponding microbes.     

建立电子数据平台完善基层动物防疫网络体系建设

我国实行动物疫情发布制度后面临的重要问题就是动物疫病监控防疫．为了夯实基层动物疫病监控防疫基础．确保防疫工作不出现盲区．山东省即墨市畜牧服务中心积极适应事业单位改革的新变化．在深人调查研究的基础上．在当地政府支持下．出台了《关于加强基层动物防疫队伍建设的意见》．并安排了专项经费．采取有力措施．利用电子数据平台。完善了市、镇、村三级动物防疫组织网络。