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1.
2.
Robert J. Diaz Lars Johan Hansson Rutger Rosenberg Paul C. Gapcynski Michael A. Unger 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1993,66(3-4):251-266
It is possible to rapidly detect the presence of high concentrations of sediment associated hydrocarbons using a sediment profile camera and simultaneously evaluate the general sedimentological and biological character of a contaminated area. In sediments that were heavily contaminated with hydrocarbons from spills and chronic long-term additions the presence of hydrocarbons was seen about 50% of the time in the sediment profile images as unique features, ‘H spots’. The presence of these features was related to the concentration of hydrocarbons in the sediment. In highly contaminated muddy sediments ‘H spots’ were found in images collected at stations that had from 270 to 610 ppt total hydrocarbons. Sedimentological and biological information obtained from the sediment profile images confirmed the impacted nature of Elizabeth River sediments. Sediment profile imaging provide a means of obtaining an overall evaluation of the quality of a habitat and impacts on that habitat from pollution related environmental disturbances. While qualitative, an advantage of sediment profile image data is that they can be evaluated in less than a day and used to quickly locate inclusions of hydrocarbons in the sediments for further quantitative chemical or biological sampling, or mapping of heavily contaminated areas. 相似文献
3.
Weston F. Mwase Åsmund Bjørnstad James M. Bokosi Moses B. Kwapata Brita Stedje 《New Forests》2007,33(3):297-307
Biodiversity is declining throughout southern African miombo woodlands due to poor land use practices that are detrimental
to soil, vegetation and habitat. We aimed at examining tree and shrub species diversity and distribution in Uapaca kirkiana-dominated woodlands under three land tenure types; forest reserves, customary and leasehold land. The study was conducted
at different forest sites within similar agroecological zone in southern Malawi. Study sites were located at a range of altitudes
between 900 and 1,200 m a.s.l. Three circular plots each with 32.60 m radius were established at each study site to sample
tree and shrub species composition, structure and distribution under three land tenure types. We found that forest reserves
had higher species diversity with an average of 16 tree families, 27 genera and 34 species as compared to only 10 tree families,
6 genera and 6 species on customary forest lands. Comparisons of diameter at breast height size class distributions showed
that customary land had significantly low numbers of small (5.0–10.0 cm) and very large (≥30 cm) diameter classes suggesting
lower levels of regeneration and high rate of anthropogenic activities. The high species diversity and richness in forest
reserves and leasehold land indicate high potential for protected lands to restore tree species diversity. It is concluded
that levels of human activities as influenced by land tenure type reduce tree species diversity, composition and distribution
at the different sites, and this confirms the hypothesis that open access lands are not compatible with conservation of tree
and shrub species diversity because of high anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
4.
Sudden pulse-like events of rapidly increasing CO2-efflux occur in soils under seasonally dry climates in response to rewetting after drought. These occurrences, termed “Birch effect”, can have a marked influence on the ecosystem carbon balance. Current hypotheses indicate that the “Birch” pulse is caused by rapidly increased respiration and mineralization rates in response to changing moisture conditions but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we present data from an experimental field study using straight-forward stable isotope methodology to gather new insights into the processes induced by rewetting of dried soils and evaluate current hypotheses for the “Birch“-CO2-pulse. Two irrigation experiments were conducted on bare soil, root-free soil and intact vegetation during May and August 2005 in a semi-arid Mediterranean holm oak forest in southern Portugal. We continuously monitored CO2-fluxes along with their isotopic compositions before, during and after the irrigation. δ13C signatures of the first CO2-efflux burst, occurring immediately after rewetting, fit the hypothesis that the “Birch” pulse is caused by the rapid mineralization of either dead microbial biomass or osmoregulatory substances released by soil microorganisms in response to hypo-osmotic stress in order to avoid cell lyses. The response of soil CO2-efflux to rewetting was smaller under mild (May) than under severe drought (August) and isotopic compositions indicated a larger contribution of anaplerotic carbon uptake with increasing soil desiccation. Both length and severity of drought periods probably play a key role for the microbial response to the rewetting of soils and thus for ecosystem carbon sequestration. 相似文献
5.
6.
Soft lithography is an alternative to silicon-based micromachining that uses replica molding of nontraditional elastomeric materials to fabricate stamps and microfluidic channels. We describe here an extension to the soft lithography paradigm, multilayer soft lithography, with which devices consisting of multiple layers may be fabricated from soft materials. We used this technique to build active microfluidic systems containing on-off valves, switching valves, and pumps entirely out of elastomer. The softness of these materials allows the device areas to be reduced by more than two orders of magnitude compared with silicon-based devices. The other advantages of soft lithography, such as rapid prototyping, ease of fabrication, and biocompatibility, are retained. 相似文献
7.
Diabetic hyperglycemia: link to impaired glucose transport in pancreatic beta cells 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
R H Unger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,251(4998):1200-1205
Glucose uptake into pancreatic beta cells by means of the glucose transporter GLUT-2, which has a high Michaelis constant, is essential for the normal insulin secretory response to hyperglycemia. In both autoimmune and nonautoimmune diabetes, this glucose transport is reduced as a consequence of down-regulation of the normal beta-cell transporter. In autoimmune diabetes, circulating immunoglobulins can further impair this glucose transport by inhibiting functionally intact transporters. Insights into mechanisms of the unresponsiveness of beta cells to hyperglycemia may improve the management and prevention of diabetes. 相似文献
8.
Ranson H Claudianos C Ortelli F Abgrall C Hemingway J Sharakhova MV Unger MF Collins FH Feyereisen R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5591):179-181
The emergence of insecticide resistance in the mosquito poses a serious threat to the efficacy of many malaria control programs. We have searched the Anopheles gambiae genome for members of the three major enzyme families- the carboxylesterases, glutathione transferases, and cytochrome P450s-that are primarily responsible for metabolic resistance to insecticides. A comparative genomic analysis with Drosophila melanogaster reveals that a considerable expansion of these supergene families has occurred in the mosquito. Low gene orthology and little chromosomal synteny paradoxically contrast the easily identified orthologous groups of genes presumably seeded by common ancestors. In A. gambiae, the independent expansion of paralogous genes is mainly a consequence of the formation of clusters among locally duplicated genes. These expansions may reflect the functional diversification of supergene families consistent with major differences in the life history and ecology of these organisms. These data provide a basis for identifying the resistance-associated enzymes within these families. This will enable the resistance status of mosquitoes, flies, and possibly other holometabolous insects to be monitored. The analyses also provide the means for identifying previously unknown molecules involved in fundamental biological processes such as development. 相似文献
9.
Gap junction membrane channels mediate electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells. The structure of a recombinant cardiac gap junction channel was determined by electron crystallography at resolutions of 7.5 angstroms in the membrane plane and 21 angstroms in the vertical direction. The dodecameric channel was formed by the end-to-end docking of two hexamers, each of which displayed 24 rods of density in the membrane interior, which is consistent with an alpha-helical conformation for the four transmembrane domains of each connexin subunit. The transmembrane alpha-helical rods contrasted with the double-layered appearance of the extracellular domains. Although not indicative for a particular type of secondary structure, the protein density that formed the extracellular vestibule provided a tight seal to exclude the exchange of substances with the extracellular milieu. 相似文献
10.
Underexpression of beta cell high Km glucose transporters in noninsulin-dependent diabetes 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
J H Johnson A Ogawa L Chen L Orci C B Newgard T Alam R H Unger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,250(4980):546-549
The role of defective glucose transport in the pathogenesis of noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) was examined in Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a model of NIDDM. As in human NIDDM, insulin secretion was unresponsive to 20 mM glucose. Uptake of 3-O-methylglucose by islet cells was less than 19% of controls. The beta cell glucose transporter (GLUT-2) immunoreactivity and amount of GLUT-2 messenger RNA were profoundly reduced. Whenever fewer than 60% of beta cells were GLUT-2-positive, the response to glucose was absent and hyperglycemia exceeded 11 mM plasma glucose. We conclude that in NIDDM underexpression of GLUT-2 messenger RNA lowers high Km glucose transport in beta cells, and thereby impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and prevents correction of hyperglycemia. 相似文献