电超滤浸提土壤养分的研究 Ⅰ.石灰性土壤的电超滤特性

石灰性土壤的电超滤(EUF)特性主要是浸提时因需控制电流而必须大大降低电压。在一定范围内,降压程度与土壤 CaCO_3%有密切关系。控流限额愈低,电压需成比例地下降,但土壤EUF-值减小不多。电流控制在一定值时,离子的解吸总量亦为定值。控流主要控制了各石灰性土壤解吸/溶解份额特大的 Ca+Mg 量近于定值,对于含量小的其他养分离子则并无多大影响,仍可区辨各土壤间的差别。通过冬小麦盆栽试验和有关化学测试法等方面的相关研究,表明采用国际通用的5g 土样和控电流方法测定 EUF-K 和-P 等有效养分,对于石灰性土壤也是可行的,但其EUF-(Ca+Mg)值则毫无植物营养有效性的意义。土壤 EUF 值只是一种指数,并非真正的解吸离子量。石灰性土壤 EUF-K 值因浸提时降压控流而略低,80℃时5min 内解吸的钾不一定是非交换性钾。由于 Ca-P 和 CaCO_3在高温高电压时浸出较多,故石灰性土壤 EUF-P 和-(Ca+Mg)的80℃值/20℃值之比,与酸性土壤或非石灰性土壤相比要大得多。     

Effects of 'Agri-SC' soil conditioner on soil structure and erodibility: some further observations

Abstract. In field and laboratory experiments the conditioner‘Agri-SC’has shown improvements in the structure of loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK. It resulted in statistically significant decreases in soil bulk density values and increases in soil porosity and aggregate stability. Further experiments are in progress on both loamy sand and silt loam soils.     

Compatible measurements of volumetric soil water content using a neutron probe and Diviner 2000 after field calibration

Field calibrations for a neutron probe and a capacitance sensor (Diviner 2000) for measuring the soil water content of a shrinking–swelling clay soil were substantially different from commonly used default values. Using our field calibrations, the two instruments estimated similar changes in the cumulative water content of a soil profile (0–1 m depth) over one growing season.     

Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity1

Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E_o) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E_o's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E_om) followed the soil-specific relation E_om/E_o= a e^(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E_o, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)^0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and E_o but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E_o and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of E_o, and for all situations under small E_o. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under E_o of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.     

养分管理措施对干热河谷火龙果土壤肥力的影响

为阐明火龙果地不同养分管理方式下土壤矿质养分变化特征,揭示土壤肥力质量变化规律,设置施用农家肥(farmyard manure,FM)、套种绿肥(alfalfa,AF)、施用生物有机肥(bio-organic fertilizer,BOF)与凋落物覆盖(litter coverage,LC)4种养分管理方式,通过分析不...     

昆诺阿藜(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)萌发期耐盐性测定

本试验对早熟昆诺阿藜和晚熟昆诺阿藜萌发期的耐盐性进行了测定。经多种测验,结果表明这2个品种的昆诺阿藜在萌发期均具有较强的耐盐性。通过与沙打旺和草原1号苜蓿的对比试验,表明其耐盐性强弱依次为晚熟昆诺阿藜>早熟昆诺阿藜>沙打旺>草原1号苜蓿。     

西南地区油气田工程水土保持措施研究

在西南油气田工程水土保持措施的统计及工程量的分析基础上,对西南地区油气田建设当前的水土保持措施情况进行宏观评价。同时详细介绍了油气田工程中水土保持措施实施的现状、水土保持措施实施的类型以及水土保持措施实施效果。将油气田水土保持措施进行分区统计分析,利用多元相关性分析手段,总结出水土保持措施的实施与水土保持效果影响之间的相关关系。结果表明:当前油气田建设过程中,工程措施使用频率最高;然而植物措施与临时措施对水土保持效果却最为显著,应加强植物措施及临时措施规划,旨在为指导西南油气田建设措施政策的制定,给出合理性参考意见。     

2009-2018年谢家店震后滑坡体植被恢复研究

自\"5·12\"特大地震以来,银厂沟谢家店滑坡体至今已形成10年,10年间研究小组运用样方法在滑坡体上设立了9个样地,调查样地植物物种的生长状况,并对样地植物群落结构、植物优势种、植物多样性进行了数据研究分析,研究结果如下:（1）2009-2018年滑坡体植物总种数由53种增加到92种,其中乔木由0种增加到12种,灌木由4种增加到38种,草本先从49种增加到65种,再减少到42种,植物群落由以草本为主的单一结构向完善的乔灌草结构转变,植物物种恢复显著。（2）在植被恢复期间,植物群落优势种类型经历由早期毛葡萄-醉鱼草,到植被恢复初期桤木-灰白毛莓-木贼,再到植被恢复后期桤木-腊莲绣球-芒萁的植物演替变化过程。（3）经过10年的恢复,在总体上Margalef丰富度指数Ma由2.80上升到6.06;Shannon-Wiener指数H’由2.18上升到3.13;Simpson指数D由0.88上升到0.93;Pielou均匀度指数E由0.13上升到0.93,植物多样性逐年上升。研究揭示了震后10年来滑坡体植物物种、植物群落结构、植物多样性在恢复过程中的特征与变化,为震后植被恢复的相关研究以及水土保持工作的开展提供参考与借鉴。     

Hyper-spectral remote sensing to monitor vegetation stress

Background, aim, and scope  Vegetation stress diagnoses based on plant sampling and physiochemical analysis using traditional methods are commonly time-consuming, destructive and expensive. The measurement of field spectral reflectance is one basis of airborne or spaceborne remote sensing monitoring. Materials and methods  In this study, paddy plants were grown in the barrels evenly filled with 10.0 kg soil that was mixed respectively with 0, 2.5 × 207.2 and 5.0 × 207.2 mg Pb per 1,000 g soil. Rice canopy spectra were gathered by mobile hyper-spectral radiometer (ASD FieldSpec Pro FR, USA). Meanwhile, canopy leaves in the field-of-view (FOV) of spectroradiometer were collected and then prepared in the laboratory, (1) for chlorophyll measurement by Model 721 spectrophotometer, and (2) for Pb determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (SpectraAA-220FS). Results and discussion  Canopy spectral reflectance in the region of visible-to-near-infrared light (VNIR) increased, because ascended Pb concentration caused the decrease of canopy chlorophyll content. In the agro-ecosystem, however, heavy metal contamination is presented typically as mixture and their interactions strongly affect actually occurring effects. Normalized spectral absorption depth (D _n), and shifting distance (DS) of red edge position (REPs) revealed the differences in Pb concentration for canopy leaves, especially at the early tillering stage. Due to insufficient biomass of rice plants, the 30th day was not reliable enough for the selection of crucial growth stages. Some special sensitive bands might be omitted at the same time because of limited sample sets. Conclusions  Our initial experiments are still too few in the amounts of both metals and plants neither to build accurate prediction models nor to discuss the transformation from ground to air/spaceborne remote sensing. However, we are pleased to communicate that ground remote sensing measurements would provide reliable information for the estimation of Pb concentration in rice plants at the early tillering stage when proper features (such as DS and D _n) of reflectance spectra are applied. Recommendations and perspectives  Hyper-spectral remote sensing is a potential and promising technology for monitoring environmental stresses on agricultural vegetation. Further ground remote sensing experiments are necessary to evaluate the possibility of hyper-spectral reflectance spectroscopy in monitoring different kinds of metals’ stress on various plants.