数值模型结构不确定性对模拟结果的影响分析

以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,基于GMS中的MODFLOW模块构建了地下水流数值模拟模型,分析了模型结构(含水层厚度、参数分区)与模型参数不确定性因素对模拟结果的影响.研究结果表明:含水层不确定情景(含水层下边界概化为隔水底板平均值870 m)与实际情况水头差值绝对值的累计和最大为701 m,对模拟结果起了主控作用;当含水层下边界概化为910,940 m时,累计和分别增加为1 013,1 593 m;与仅考虑单个不确定性因素相比,同时考虑模型参数与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为738 m,同时考虑参数分区与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为791 m.因此,在构建地下水流数值模拟模型时,应优先考虑含水层空间结构概化的合理程度,同时考虑多个不确定性因素对模拟结果的综合影响,使地下水数值模拟模型能更精确地反映真实的地下水流状况.     

Detecting interactive effects of N fertilization and heat stress on maize productivity by remote sensing techniques

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two different remotely sensed techniques in detecting the effects of terminal heat stress and N fertilization on final maize aerial biomass (AB) and grain yield (GY). The study was conducted under field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. Six N treatments combining three doses [0, 100, 200 Kg N ha⁻¹] and two timings [at V4 and at 15 days before silking] were applied. Within each N treatment three heat treatments were applied (pre-flowering, post-flowering and the control treatment at ambient air temperature). Remote sensing measurements were taken with a multispectral band camera to measure the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and a digital Red/Green/Blue (RGB) camera to measure the normalized green red difference index (NGRDI). Both indices failed to predict the GY of pre-flowering heat-treated plants due to grain set establishment problems that could not be detected by vegetation indices which are designed to capture differences in green canopy area. In contrast, both the NGRDI and the NDVI correlated positively with GY and AB in the control heat treatment and to a lesser extent in the post-flowering heat treatment. Under the control heat treatment, the NGRDI exhibited higher correlations with AB and GY than the NDVI across the N fertilization treatments. Since the NGRDI is formulated based only on the reflectance in the visible regions (VIS) of the spectrum (Green and Red) without dependence on the near infrared regions (NIR), it performs better than the NDVI. This is because it overcame the reported saturation patterns at high leaf area index and was more efficient at capturing even small differences in leaf colour (chlorophyll content) due to the different applied N treatments. Also, the NGRDI seemed to be a more seasonally independent parameter than the NDVI, which is more affected by temporal variability within the field, and thus the NGRDI predicted AB and GY better than the NDVI when combining the data of the two growing seasons.     

台阶式溢洪道消能规律

为探讨台阶式溢洪道消能特性及水流的紊乱特性规律,将台阶式溢洪道与对应光滑溢洪道对比研究,通过试验数据计算出台阶式溢洪道消能率、阶顶断面弗劳德数,试算求出对应光滑溢洪道水力参数,用台阶式溢洪道消能率减去对应光滑溢洪道消能率得到相对消能率,光滑溢洪道断面弗劳德数减去对应台阶式溢洪道阶顶断面弗劳德数得到相对弗劳德数.两水力参数反映了台阶式溢洪道相对光滑溢洪道对消杀能量大小及水流紊乱剧烈程度.通过对26.57°,32.01°,33.69°,38.66°,51.3°这5组不同坡度,1.43~6.67 cm台阶高度的21组模型试验研究,探讨了相对消能率和相对弗劳德数之间关系,结果表明相对弗劳德数和相对消能率沿程呈线性关系,相关系数为0.993 7~0.999 5.且相同相对弗劳德数,单宽流量大对应相对消能率也大;台阶高度变化对直线关系影响很小;坡度对直线关系影响复杂,较小坡度同一单宽流量,坡度越大相对消能率越小,坡度较大时同一单宽流量,坡度大对应相对消能率大.相对消能率和相对弗劳德数的直线规律体现出台阶式溢洪道独特的水力特性,为探究其消能机理提供了重要依据.     

Trickle and sprinkler irrigation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the Middle Anatolian Region in Turkey

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is widely planted in the Middle Anatolian Region, especially in the Nigde-Nevsehir district where 25% of the total potato growing area is located and produces 44% of the total yield. In recent years, the farmers in the Nigde-Nevsehir district have been applying high amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers (sometimes more than 900 kg N ha⁻¹) and frequent irrigation at high rates in order to get a much higher yield. This situation results in increased irrigation and fertilization costs as well as polluted ground water resources and soil. Thus, it is critical to know the water and nitrogen requirements of the crop, as well as how to improve irrigation efficiency. Field experiments were conducted in the Nigde-Nevsehir (arid) region on a Fluvents (Entisols) soil to determine water and nitrogen requirements of potato crops under sprinkler and trickle irrigation methods. Irrigation treatments were based on Class A pan evaporation and nitrogen levels were formed with different nitrogen concentrations.The highest yield, averaging 47,505 kg ha⁻¹, was measured in sprinkler-irrigated plots at the 60 g m⁻³ nitrogen concentration level in the irrigation treatment with limited irrigation (480 mm). Statistically higher tuber yields were obtained at the 45 and 60 g m⁻³ nitrogen concentration levels in irrigation treatments with full and limited irrigation. Maximum yields were obtained with about 17% less water in the sprinkler method as compared to the trickle method (not statistically significant). On the loam and sandy loam soils, tuber yields were reduced by deficit irrigation corresponding to 70% and 74% of evapotranspiration in sprinkler and trickle irrigations, respectively. Water use of the potato crop ranged from 490 to 760 mm for sprinkler-irrigated plots and 565–830 mm for trickle-irrigated treatments. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) levels of 7.37 and 4.79 kg m⁻³ were obtained in sprinkle and trickle irrigated plots, respectively. There were inverse effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on the WUE of the potato crops. Significant linear relationships were found between tuber yield and water use for both irrigation methods. Yield response factors were calculated at 1.05 for sprinkler methods and 0.68 for trickle methods. There were statistically significant linear and polynomial relationships between tuber yield and nitrogen amounts used in trickle and sprinkler-irrigated treatments, respectively. In sprinkler-irrigated treatments, the maximum tuber yield was obtained with 199 kg N ha⁻¹. The tuber cumulative nitrogen use efficiency (NUE_cu) and incremental nitrogen use efficiency (NUE_in) were affected quite differently by water, nitrogen levels and years. NUE_cu varied from 16 to 472 g kg⁻¹ and NUE_in varied from 75 to 1035 g kg⁻¹ depending on the irrigation method. In both years, the NH₄-N concentrations were lower than NO₃-N, and thus the removed nitrogen and nitrogen losses were found to be 19–87 kg ha⁻¹ for sprinkler methods and 25–89 kg ha⁻¹ for trickle methods. Nitrogen losses in sprinkler methods reached 76%, which were higher than losses in trickle methods.     

复合干热胁迫下黄土高原夏季植被脆弱性评估

随着气候变化的加剧,高温干旱事件频发,对植被健康生长造成了严重影响。针对相关性方法难以准确刻画复合干热胁迫下植被脆弱性的问题,利用1982—2015年去趋势和标准化的归一化植被指数（detrended and standardized normalized difference vegetation index,SNDVI）、标准化降水蒸散发指数（standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index,SPEI）和标准化气温指数（standardized temperature index,STI）,构建基于Vine Copula的复合干热胁迫下植被脆弱性评估模型,量化黄土高原不同土地利用类型和气候区植被对高温干旱的响应关系。结果表明：1）黄土高原大部分区域SNDVI与SPEI呈正相关关系,与STI呈负相关关系,草地SNDVI与SPEI、STI的相关性最高,其次为耕地,林地最低;2）相对于单一干旱或高温事件,复合干热事件进一步加剧了植被脆弱性,复合干热胁迫下黄土高原6、7、8月植被损失概率分别为0.51、0.57和0.55,较高的区域集中在陕西北部、宁夏、甘肃东部和内蒙古等地区;3）黄土高原地区不同植被类型对复合干热的脆弱性各异,脆弱性从大到小依次为草地、耕地、灌木、林地。研究结果有助于深入了解植被对气候极端事件的响应,支持应对气候变化的陆地生态系统风险管理。     

梯田对黄土区降雨径流过程的影响及SCS-CN模型应用与改进

梯田改变了流域下垫面,对降雨径流过程势必产生影响,径流曲线模型（Soil Conservation Service Curve Number,SCS-CN）在中国黄土区,特别是梯田分布广泛流域的适用性仍存争议。为此,该研究以位于甘肃天水的罗玉沟流域为研究对象,利用梯田修建前后2个时段（1985—1990年、2000—2010年）的降雨径流实测资料,分析梯田修建对降雨-径流过程的影响,验证SCS-CN模型的适用性,进一步考虑梯田修建的影响,针对不同降雨类型分别提出了基于降雨量和平均雨强的模型改进方法。结果表明：1）梯田修建对流域径流过程的影响与降雨强度关系密切。当雨强较小时,梯田显著削减流域洪峰和径流总量,削减幅度均在55%以上;而当降雨量和雨强较大时,梯田削减洪峰和径流总量效果并不显著。总体上,梯田修建后流域平均降雨径流系数显著减小至0.06,减小幅度约54%。2）基于最小二乘法优化与考虑前期土壤含水率修正的SCS-CN模型并不适用于梯田分布广泛流域的径流预报。引入降雨量和平均雨强改进后的模型模拟效果显著提高,此时流域暴雨量级以下和以上降雨事件的初损率分别为0.29和0.02。该研究基...     

灌区蓝绿水资源与作物生产水足迹多时空分布量化分析

作物生产水足迹度量作物生产过程对不同类型水资源的消耗,为实现农业水资源管理与评价提供了更全面的新视角。该研究通过耦合土壤水分动态平衡模块,考虑输配水损失,构建灌区蓝、绿水资源与作物生产水足迹多时间尺度分布式量化模型;以宝鸡峡灌区为例,定量评价不同典型年灌区蓝绿水资源与作物生产水足迹多时间尺度演变规律。结果表明:宝鸡峡灌区蓝绿水资源总量在2008-2017年呈上升趋势。各作物对绿水资源利用效率均持续上升,而小麦蓝水资源利用效率呈下降趋势;玉米、小麦生产总水足迹整体呈上升趋势,多年平均值分别为573和779 m3/t;作物生产绿水足迹在拔节-灌浆期占比较高,成熟期占比较低;作物生产水足迹在日尺度波动幅度最大;平水年、丰水年灌区用水存在不合理现象,枯水年作物生产单产水平最高,总水足迹最低,水资源利用效率最高。该研究所构建模型可移植适用于无排水渠系灌区水文模拟,准确量化灌区农业生产耗水,解析日-月尺度作物生产水足迹演变特征,有助于明确灌区作物耗水规律,进而高效利用绿水资源,合理配置蓝水资源,提高作物产量,实现高效生产。     

混流式水轮机叶道空化涡诱发高振幅压力脉动特性

混流式水轮机部分负荷叶道空化涡不稳定特性已成为制约水电与其他可再生能源多能互补发展、扩大水轮机稳定运行范围急需研究的技术难题。该研究以HL702低水头混流式模型水轮机为研究对象,通过非稳态数值模拟技术及涡流可视化试验,对部分负荷工况下的叶道空化涡不稳定涡流演化及压力脉动特性展开研究。结果表明,叶道空化涡在水轮机转轮内为一个体积周期性变化的动态过程,其涡结构脉动主频为转轮转频的1.1倍。叶道空化涡诱发时,水轮机转轮叶片压力面和吸力面均捕捉到与涡结构频率相同的压力脉动信号。叶道空化涡体积的变化主要发生在转轮叶片背面出水边与下环交界附近,引起压力脉动幅值的局部放大。进一步分析发现,叶道空化涡发生工况下水轮机内部的瞬时压力脉动信号与空泡体积加速度成正比,表明涡流演化是引起压力脉动幅值上升的重要原因。研究进一步阐明了部分负荷工况叶道空化涡的演化特征,揭示了涡流诱发不稳定高振幅压力脉动的内在机制。     

基于无人机遥感影像的玉米冠层温度提取及作物水分胁迫监测

针对当前无人机热红外遥感提取冠层温度不准确、监测作物水分胁迫状况精度不高的问题,该研究以不同水分处理的拔节期夏玉米为研究对象,利用无人机获取试验区域热红外和可见光图像资料,分别采用Otsu算法、EXG-Kmeans算法和Otsu-EXG-Kmeans算法获取冠层区域图像,并对提取结果进行精度评价,而后采用最优算法求得对应作物水分胁迫指数（Crop Water Stress Index,CWSI）,通过分析CWSI同土壤含水率相关关系以及CWSI日平均变化趋势来监测玉米水分亏缺状况。结果表明：1）相比于其他方法,Otsu-EXG-Kmeans算法对冠层温度提取精度更高（用户精度为95.9%）,提取的冠层温度更接近实测温度（r=0.788）,可以准确获取图像冠层温度。2）相比于冠层温度,CWSI与土壤含水率的相关性更高（r= -0.738）,CWSI日平均变化趋势更符合实际情况,可更加精确地监测玉米缺水状况。该研究为无人机遥感精准监测作物水分胁迫状况提供参考。     

冻胀反力系数在渠道衬砌冻胀弹性地基梁模型中的应用

为了探究渠道基土在冻胀过程中的非线性变形特性对渠道衬砌冻胀的影响,基于冻土三轴试验结果,建立考虑围压和温度的邓肯-张本构模型,参考室内三轴试验测定基床系数方法,应用数值模拟法建立冻胀反力系数随被约束冻胀量变化的计算式,并基于有限差分法离散弹性地基梁平衡微分方程。模型考虑衬砌不同点因被约束冻胀量不同引起冻胀反力系数不同的取值问题,克服以往模型中冻胀反力系数取常量的不足。应用解析解验证模型的合理性,探究冻胀反力系数分别为变量与常量时在梯形渠道衬砌冻胀力学响应计算结果上的差异。结果表明,对于边坡和渠底衬砌板,常量冻胀反力系数计算出的最大冻胀反力是变量的1.43倍,计算出的弯矩最大值平均是变量的1.12倍。因此在采用弹性地基梁理论分析渠道衬砌冻胀问题时,若冻胀反力系数采用常量,不考虑冻土的非线性变形,会使得计算结果偏大。研究结果可为大型梯形渠道衬砌抗冻胀设计提供参考。