台湾花卉产业发展综述

台湾花卉的单位产值,趋近于蔬菜、果树及特作单位产值的3倍,更为水稻单位产值的8倍,显见花卉作物在较少的面积耕作下,可创造较高的产值,其高经济效益不容忽视。该文从农业经济与管理方面展开了对台湾花卉产业之生产、需求与外销、产销变动趋势、发展的优势等方面的研究,以探讨台湾花卉产业的发展状况,并依此揭示与说明台湾花卉产业所面临的问题;同时,应用资料包络分析法(DEA)与Malmquist生产力指数进行分析,比较目前台湾在不同县市不同花卉的花卉产区规模效率、技术效率与生产力指数的有效性,以期深入了解台湾花卉产业结构并作为政策调整之参考依据。     

Effect of Application of a Bacteria Inoculant and Wheat Bran on Fermentation Quality of Peanut Vine Ensiled Alone or with Corn Stover

To find an effective method for ensiling peanut vine (PV), fermentation characteristics and nutritional values of PV silage and the mixture of PV with corn stover (CS) silage in a ratio of 1:1 fresh weight, prepared by adding lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 10% wheat bran (WB) and LAB+WB at ensiling were evaluated in 2009 and 2010. The fermentation qualities of PV silage ensiled with the LAB and WB additives were improved compared with those of the control (PV ensiled alone). However, the pH did not decline to the critical level of 4.2, and the nutritional values of the silage were not protected against losses in the LAB and WB addition silages. Ensiling PV in mixture with CS generated optimal moisture content and buffering capacity (BC) of ensiled materials. After adding the LAB and WB additives to mixture silage, especially adding LAB+WB, the fermentation qualities and nutritional values of the mixture silage were improved significantly (P<0.05), and the Flieg’s score reached to 99. The result suggested that it is a feasible method to ensile the mixed materials of PV with CS by adding LAB and high concentration of water soluble-carbohydrate materials for providing a good fermentation quality of PV silage.     

Hyper-spectral remote sensing to monitor vegetation stress

Background, aim, and scope  Vegetation stress diagnoses based on plant sampling and physiochemical analysis using traditional methods are commonly time-consuming, destructive and expensive. The measurement of field spectral reflectance is one basis of airborne or spaceborne remote sensing monitoring. Materials and methods  In this study, paddy plants were grown in the barrels evenly filled with 10.0 kg soil that was mixed respectively with 0, 2.5 × 207.2 and 5.0 × 207.2 mg Pb per 1,000 g soil. Rice canopy spectra were gathered by mobile hyper-spectral radiometer (ASD FieldSpec Pro FR, USA). Meanwhile, canopy leaves in the field-of-view (FOV) of spectroradiometer were collected and then prepared in the laboratory, (1) for chlorophyll measurement by Model 721 spectrophotometer, and (2) for Pb determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (SpectraAA-220FS). Results and discussion  Canopy spectral reflectance in the region of visible-to-near-infrared light (VNIR) increased, because ascended Pb concentration caused the decrease of canopy chlorophyll content. In the agro-ecosystem, however, heavy metal contamination is presented typically as mixture and their interactions strongly affect actually occurring effects. Normalized spectral absorption depth (D _n), and shifting distance (DS) of red edge position (REPs) revealed the differences in Pb concentration for canopy leaves, especially at the early tillering stage. Due to insufficient biomass of rice plants, the 30th day was not reliable enough for the selection of crucial growth stages. Some special sensitive bands might be omitted at the same time because of limited sample sets. Conclusions  Our initial experiments are still too few in the amounts of both metals and plants neither to build accurate prediction models nor to discuss the transformation from ground to air/spaceborne remote sensing. However, we are pleased to communicate that ground remote sensing measurements would provide reliable information for the estimation of Pb concentration in rice plants at the early tillering stage when proper features (such as DS and D _n) of reflectance spectra are applied. Recommendations and perspectives  Hyper-spectral remote sensing is a potential and promising technology for monitoring environmental stresses on agricultural vegetation. Further ground remote sensing experiments are necessary to evaluate the possibility of hyper-spectral reflectance spectroscopy in monitoring different kinds of metals’ stress on various plants.     

农民工返乡发展意愿及驱动因素调查研究——以在南京务工的苏北农民工为例

通过对在南京市务工的苏北农民工问卷调查,分析了影响农民工返乡发展意愿的驱动因素。结果表明:影响农民工返乡发展意愿的重要因素是家乡经济发展水平、返乡致富可能性预期值和就业境遇状况;农民工年龄、受教育程度,新农村建设等因素所起作用不明显。提出了加大政府投入、加强农村基层组织建设、加强新农村建设工作力度、扶持和发展乡镇企业等引导农民工返乡发展的建议。     

张履祥与太湖地区农业知识的传播

张履祥农业知识传播与交流的典型耕读士人,他农业知识的来源以及自己农业知识的外传,进一步说明以他为代表的太湖地区底层士人对农业知识传播的贡献。张履祥和其生活范围内人士通过书信等方式的交流,通过这个过程把农业知识介绍给他人。这里介绍了张履祥获得农业知识的方式,包括书籍、实践、老农、家传等途径不断积累自己的农业知识。其次说明了张履祥通过血缘、地缘、结社交游、门人训导的方式将自己总结的农业知识传播出去。这个过程正是一种典型的农业知识传播方式,身为士人的张履祥是农业知识传播的纽带。     

麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌分离鉴定方法的建立与初步应用

探索了产气荚膜梭菌在营养琼脂、甘露醇卵黄琼脂和血琼脂平板上的菌落形态和培养特点,优化了产气荚膜梭菌的分离方法,并对分离菌株进行生化鉴定;在此基础上对北京南海子麋鹿苑和江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区的麋鹿自然感染情况进行了调查。结果发现,粪样中的产气荚膜梭菌在营养琼脂上生长呈半透明边缘不整的白色菌落,接种甘露醇卵黄琼脂和血琼脂平板,分别出现伴有卵磷脂酶乳光浑浊带的粉红色火山口状菌落和伴有双溶血环的灰绿色勋章样菌落。生化试验结果确认这些分离株均为产气荚膜梭菌。对北京南海子麋鹿苑和江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿粪样检测发现,阳性率分别为13.04%(3/23)和19.51%(8/41)。说明本研究建立的麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌分离鉴定方法简便快速,确实可行;麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌自然感染率较高,应加强麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌病的防控。     

经济快速发展地区集体建设用地流转中农民权益保障研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

在实地调研的基础上,对昆山试点集体建设用地流转的现状和问题进行分析,并探讨了流转农民权益保护的有效路径。研究结果表明,农民法制权利意识模糊,消极对待受损现状;农民知情权、决策权、参与监督权、收益权均未得到良好保障;富民合作社股份合作制是良好保障农民权益的形式,但对外缺乏宣传,侵害了农民的知情权。应当提高农民自身素质和参与能力,明确相关部门行政责任、规范合作社经营程序,完善合作社制度。     

Molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines

Elymus tsukushiense Honda (syn. Roegneria kamoji C. Koch) (2n = 6x = 42, S^tsS^tsH^tsH^tsY^tsY^ts) is a hexaploid species, distantly related to bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Apart from the delineation of evolutionary relationships, this species is a potential source of resistance to scab, a devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. A standard C-banded karyotype was established identifying all 21 chromosome pairs of E. tsukushiense. By using C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization analyses, three wheat-E. tsukushiense chromosome addition lines, one ditelosomic addition line, and one disomic substitution line were identified in BC₂ progenies from wheat × E. tsukushiense hybrids. Twenty DNA markers specific for the seven homoeologous groups of the Triticeae were used to determine the homoeology of the added E. tsukushiense chromosomes. The E. tsukushiense chromosomes in the addition lines NAU702, NAU703, and NAU701 were identified as belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 5, and thus, were designated as 1Ets#1, 3Ets#1, and 5Ets#1, respectively. NAU751 was identified as a disomic substitution line with chromosome 3A of wheat replaced by chromosome 3Ets#1. Line NAU702 has a high level of resistance to scab and will be used in chromosomal engineering and development of improved wheat germplasm for scab resistance breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Computer image analysis of intramuscular adipocytes and marbling in the longissimus muscle of cattle

The deposition of fat in muscle, recognized by the consumer as marbling, is an important meat quality trait. The objective of the study was to provide additional insights into the quantitative extent of marbling by means of computer image analysis. Fifty-one F(2) generation German Holstein and Charolais crossbreed cattle, 18 mo of age, were used to determine relationships among marbling traits, adipocyte size, and the amount of adipose tissue in different depots. Differences were recorded among the size of i.m. adipocytes in different groups of marbling flecks, divided according to the location in the muscle cross-section and to the size of the marbling flecks. The results showed positive correlation between i.m. adipocyte size and the weight of s.c. fat, intestinal fat, omental fat, and perirenal fat (r = 0.50, 0.61, 0.70, and 0.63, respectively, P < 0.001). The i.m. adipocyte size was correlated with i.m. fat content, number of marbling flecks, proportion of marbling fleck area, and total length of marbling flecks (r = 0.71, 0.44, 0.62, and 0.55, respectively, P < 0.01). The number of marbling flecks was also correlated with i.m. fat content, proportion of marbling fleck area, and total length of marbling flecks (r = 0.58, 0.62, and 0.91, P < 0.01, respectively). The ventral marbling flecks had a 5-fold larger fleck area, 4-fold more adipocytes, and larger adipocytes (P < 0.001). Larger marbling flecks contained larger adipocytes (P < 0.001). Moreover, compared with the small marbling flecks, there was a 48-fold larger fleck area and 26-fold more adipocytes in the large marbling flecks. The results indicate that i.m. fat deposition increases concurrently with the other fat depots but is still independent. Furthermore, the i.m. fat is preferentially deposited in the ventral area of LM. Although the i.m. adipocyte size has an important effect on the traits of marbling flecks, cell number plays a greater role in i.m. fat deposition than cell size.