Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.): A Potential Feed Legume Crop for Dry Areas in West Asia

Provision of feed supplies for the rapidly growing livestock population is essential in West Asia. Shortages can be alleviated by growing forage crops in the existing fallow lands.
Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) is a leguminous species with high yield potential, drought tolerance and cold resistance. It could be used for grain and straw production as source for animal feed in dry areas. It is good source of protein with seeds contain 28 % protein yielding 364 kg per hectare protein, whilst straw contains 9 % protein and yields a similar amounts of digestible protein per hectare.
Nine promising lines of Narbon vetch developed at ICARDA were tested at two sites over four years under rainfed conditions. Since climatic conditions were considered to be of considerable importance, each site in each year was treated as a separate environment to give eight environments with annual rainfall varied from 195 to 504 mm.
Narbon vetch possessed high seedling vigour with rapid winter growth and negligible cold damage. Grain yield varied form 0.47 to 1.90 t/ha, with a harvest index varying from 30 to 40 %. The data indicated that below 300 mm rainfall the grain yield varied from 0.47 t/ha when rain fall was 195 mm to 1.4 t/ha when rainfall was 245 mm. Most of the lines had wide adaptation to dry areas in terms of both grain yield and stability. Climate, except early spring rains had little effect on biological and grain yields.     

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

Influence of storage time and processing on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of olive cake

Olive oil extraction generates olive cake (OC) that could be used in ruminant feeding. However, the chemical composition of OC is affected by multiple factors, being therefore highly variable. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of storage time and further processing: crude, exhausted (subjected to a second oil extraction) and cyclone (obtained from a cyclone separator) on nutritive value of OC samples. Twelve samples (six crude and six exhausted) were obtained monthly from the same pond from 1 to 6 storage months, and nine samples (three crude, three exhausted and three cyclone) were obtained monthly from a different pond from 6 to 9 months storage. Chemical composition was analysed, and OC samples were fermented in vitro with sheep rumen fluid. Increasing storage time up to 6 months decreased sugars and total soluble polyphenols content but increased fibre content in OC. Dry matter effective degradability (DMED) decreased linearly (p < 0.001) by 35.9 and 45.5% as storage time augmented from 1 to 6 months for crude and exhausted OC, respectively. Crude OC had lower DMED values than exhausted OC (averaged values 0.255 and 0.294 g/g, respectively). Both potential production and rate of gas production were lower (p ≤ 0.018) in crude compared with exhausted OC, which was attributed to the high fat content of crude OC (≥86 g/kg dry matter). For samples stored longer than 6 months, cyclone had greater (p < 0.05) DMED than crude and exhausted OC (averaged values 0.207, 0.164 and 0.164 g/g, respectively). The results indicate that ruminal degradability of OC is reduced with advancing storage time, but only subtle changes were observed during the first two months. Cyclone showed greater degradability than crude and exhausted OC, but differences between crude and exhausted OC became negligible after five storage months.     

粗酶制剂在大麦日粮中对产蛋鸡的影响

就粗酶制剂在大麦日粮中对产蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响进行了两次试验。按０．１％比例的酶制剂添加于含大麦２８．５％和５０％的日粮中,分别饲喂３３０和２４２日龄的产蛋鸡。结果添加酶制剂对鸡产蛋率无明显提高,而对每个蛋重和鸡蛋质量有所改善,同时使产蛋鸡外周血液中促甲状腺激素和生长激素显著提高,而使甲状腺素显著降低。     

超微粉碎技术对黄芪多糖、淫羊藿多糖溶出的影响

用蒽酮-硫酸法测定了黄芪，淫羊藿普通粉和超微粉对其多糖溶出量的影响，结果表明，在相同的条件下，超微粉中黄芪多糖，淫羊藿多糖提取量较普通粗粉分别提高了117.13%和315.15%。     

蛹虫草多糖的抗氧化活性研究

【目的】研究蛹虫草多糖的体内外抗氧化活性,为蛹虫草多糖的开发利用提供依据。【方法】以蛹虫草为原料,采用水提醇沉法制备蛹虫草粗多糖(cordyceps militaris polysaccharide, CMPs),再以二乙氨基乙基纤维素52(DEAE cellulose 52,DEAE-52)柱色谱法进行分离纯化,通过苯酚-硫酸法测其总糖含量;测定蛹虫草多糖对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS·和DPPH·的清除作用;建立D-半乳糖致小鼠亚急性衰老模型,进一步研究CMPs的体内抗氧化活性。【结果】纯化后的蛹虫草多糖总糖含量为82.57%;体外抗氧化活性结果表明,蛹虫草多糖(CMPs)对羟自由基、超氧阴离子、ABTS·和DPPH·均有良好的清除作用,且呈现良好的剂量效应关系,其半数有效质量浓度(EC₅₀)分别达到1.912,2.153,1.612和2.058 mg/mL。体内抗氧化活性结果表明,CMPs能够显著提高衰老模型小鼠血清和肝脏组织中的T-SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力,同时能显著降低MDA含量,并且呈现良好的质量浓度依存关系,尤其是在高剂量时可以使衰老模型小...     

不同提取方法对桦褐孔菌多糖抗氧化活性的影响

[目的]研究不同提取方法对桦褐孔菌多糖抗氧化活性的影响。[方法]采用水煮醇沉法和碱液醇沉法提取粗多糖;采用三氯乙酸法纯化水溶和碱溶粗多糖;采用羟基自由基清除试验和超氧阴离子自由基清除试验进行抗氧化活性对比研究。[结果]水溶粗多糖、碱溶粗多糖、水溶纯多糖、碱溶纯多糖的多糖得率分别为14.0%、27.7%、7.0%、6.2%。对羟基自由基的清除,水溶粗多糖在0.9 mg/ml时有最大清除率,为54.3%,碱溶纯多糖在0.06 mg/ml时有最大清除率,为10.9%;对超氧阴离子自由基的清除,水溶粗多糖在0.1mg/ml时有最大清除率,为24.2%,水溶纯多糖在0.07 mg/ml时有最大清除率,为27.2%。[结论]水溶多糖比碱溶多糖抗氧化能力强,桦褐孔菌可成为一种新的高效天然抗氧化药用真菌。     

益母草多糖提取工艺的研究

采用水提醇沉法,对益母草多糖的提取工艺进行研究,选用单因素试验和L9（34）正交试验法,考察料水比、提取温度、提取时间、乙醇浓度对益母草多糖提取率的影响。结果表明,提取温度对益母草多糖的提取具有明显影响,水提醇沉法提取益母草多糖的最佳工艺条件为：料水比1：35,提取温度90℃,提取时间2h,乙醇浓度70％,在此条件下益母草多糖提取率可达4．86％。     

柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法测定浒苔多糖的组成

研究了浒苔多糖样品经三氟乙酸完全水解而无损失的最适条件,并且在优化流动相洗脱程序等色谱条件的基础上,建立了1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法分析浒苔多糖的单糖组成及含量的方法。该方法采用配备紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪,在250 nm波长下进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明,在此条件下,8种单糖能够良好分离,各单糖在1-100μg/ml范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r≥0.999,回收率在76.0%-108%之间,相对标准偏差RSD10%。采用该方法对浒苔多糖样品进行组成及含量分析,发现无论样品原料为何种浒苔,浒苔多糖均以鼠李糖为主,同时还含有葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖、木糖、半乳糖以及少量的甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸和岩藻糖。     

Nutritional and Functional Properties of Two Dried Brown Seaweeds Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica

Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica, two brown seaweeds present on the southeast coast of Iran, were evaluated for their nutritional and functional properties after drying. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of crude polysaccharides revealed the characteristic absorption bands of phenol, O–H, C–H, C–O–S, C–O, C=O, C–H groups, and β-glycosidic linkages from cellulose, with the sulfate contents estimated as 4.89 ± 0.11% and 6.96 ± 0.05% of SO₄^?2. Results of nutritional profiles revealed all of the essential amino acids, especially methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, phenyl alanine, and arginine. In addition, important fatty acids such as linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid were found in high amounts. The other nutritional components present in high amounts were proline and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. The antibacterial activity was weak, but the result of antioxidant activities (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging and ferrous-ion chelating ability) of crude polysaccharides was considerable. In general, the findings of this study recommend that S. trinodis and P. myrica dried seaweeds have a potent nutritional value and might be used as a valuable source of nutrient supplements for humans and animals.