3种水质调控方式下参池沉积物酶活性的比较研究

2015年10月至2016年9月对自然纳潮、微孔曝气、养水机3种水质调控方式下海参池塘沉积物中淀粉酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶的活性进行了跟踪比较研究。研究结果显示,3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中的淀粉酶活性年变化为0.126~0.880 mg/g,年均值(0.410±0.180) mg/g,蛋白酶活性年变化为0.024~0.472 mg/g,年均值(0.190±0.103) mg/g,碱性磷酸酶活性年变化为0.068~1.042 mg/g,年均值(0.340±0.196) mg/g,脱氢酶活性年变化为12.092~52.794 mL/g,年均值(26.980±8.295) mL/g。3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶及脱氢酶活性均在自然纳潮池塘中均值最高,变化幅度最大;淀粉酶活性均值则在自然纳潮池塘中最低,养水机池塘最高,这与养水机池塘有机质最低,自然纳潮池塘最高,养水机池塘沉积物的细菌多样性最高,真菌数量最多有关。表明养水机能够快速去除沉积物中氮、磷有机化合物,有利于池塘的正常物质循环。本研究从沉积物酶活性的角度,探讨了养水机的作用效果与其他两种水质调控方式产生差异的机理。     

有机基质配方对袋培番茄生长及产量的影响

为克服设施番茄连作障碍,实现有机基质栽培规模化,以 '宝冠'番茄为试材,将牛粪、鸡粪、羊粪、秸秆、稻壳、河沙,按体积比组成6个有机基质配方(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6),研究其对番茄生长及产量的影响.结果表明,有机基质的养分含量显著高于对照(CK,土壤栽培),容重、空隙度适宜,EC和pH值略高,但结果期降至理想范围.6个配方基质袋培番茄的株高、茎粗、各器官干质量、坐果率及产量等显著高于CK,不同配方相比,T2(牛粪∶砂子∶稻壳∶鸡粪＝4∶2∶2∶2)表现最佳.     

Treatment of shrimp farm effluent with omnivorous finfish and artificial substrates

Long‐term environmental sustainability and community acceptance of the shrimp farming industry in Australia requires on‐going development of efficient cost‐effective effluent treatment options. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a shrimp farm treatment system containing finfish and vertical artificial substrates (VAS). This was achieved by (1) quantifying the individual and collective effects of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and VASs on water and sediment quality, and (2) comparing the retention of N in treatment systems with and without the presence of finfish (M. cephalus and the siganid Siganus nebulosus (Quoy & Gaimard)), where light was selectively removed. Artificial substrates were found to significantly improve the settlement of particulate material, regardless of the presence of finfish. Mullet actively resuspended settled solids and reduced the production of nitrate when artificial substrates were absent. However, appreciable nitrification was observed when mullet were present together with artificial substrates. The total quantity of N retained by the mullet was found to be 1.8– 2.4% of the incoming pond effluent N. It was estimated that only 21% of the pond effluent N was available for mullet consumption. When S. nebulosus was added, total finfish N retention increased from 1.8% to 3.9%, N retention by mullet also improved (78±16 to 132±21‐mg N day^?1 before and after siganid addition respectively). Presence of filamentous macroalgae (Enteromorpha spp.) was found to improve the removal of N from pond effluent relative to treatments where light was excluded. Denitrification was also a significant sink for N (up to 24% N removed). Despite the absence of algal productivity and greater availability of nitrate, denitrification was not higher in treatments where light was excluded. Mullet were found to have no effect on the rates of denitrification but significantly reduced macroalgal growth on the surface of the water. When mullet were absent, excessive macroalgal growth led to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrification. This study concludes that the culture of mullet alone in shrimp farm effluent treatment systems does not result in significant retention of N but can contribute to the control of macroalgal biomass. To improve N retention and removal, further work should focus on polyculturing a range of species and also on improving denitrification.     

Effect of Shelters,Densities, and Weight Groups on Survival,Growth and Limb Loss in the Freshwater Prawn,Macrobrachium nobilii (Henderson and Matthai, 1910)

Abstract

Three weight groups of juvenile prawn, M. nobilii, were raised at three stocking densities (22,38, and 77 prawns/m²) under three substrate conditions (sand, pebbles, and pebbles with shelter in the form of PVC pipe). Stocking density had a significant (P < 0.001) influence on the survival and growth of the prawn. A higher incidence of limb autotomy was recorded at the higher stocking density. Provision of pebbles and PVC pipe increased the survival, and mean growth rates, and reduced the percentage of limb loss.     

大竹蛏亲体暂养技术简报

通过对大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)亲蛏(体长9～12 cm,体重45.76±6.78 g)从采捕运输到人工暂养培育的一系列试验工作,结果表明:亲蛏的挑选以体长9~13 cm、活泼健康、肥满度好的3龄个体为最佳。经7天试验,采用细沙作为底质进行亲蛏暂养的效果良好,成活率达98.5％,个体排卵量约300万粒;不铺任何底质暂养的亲蛏,成活率仅16.4％.不能正常排放精卵。     

不同基质对闭鞘姜生长发育和光合作用的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究不同配比的红壤、泥炭、椰糠和珍珠岩6种基质配方对闭鞘姜生长的影响。测定6种基质的物理和化学性质,观测萌芽率、叶片数、茎粗、株高、株幅、光合日变化、根茎鲜重和根茎干重。结果显示,基质S4（泥炭+椰糠+珍珠岩=1∶2∶2）的植株净光合速率（P_n）显著高于其他基质处理。在6种基质生长的植株叶片净光合速率曲线呈单峰或双峰变化,而蒸腾速率曲线呈单峰变化。最大株高、最大根茎鲜重和根茎干重也出现在基质S4种植的植株。从以上结果可知,基质S4比较适合闭鞘姜的生长和根状茎干物质积累。     

不同容器基质苦楝的育苗效果及其评价

为寻求适宜苦楝种子育苗的容器基质,利用容器育苗成型技术,在泥炭中添加不同比例的珍珠岩和蛭石,研究不同容器育苗基质对苦楝种子出苗及生长的影响,并采用因子分析法对苦楝的育苗效果进行综合评价。结果表明：T3（V泥炭:V珍珠岩=1:1）和T5（V泥炭:V蛭石=2:1）处理苦楝叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率显著低于其他处理,T4（V泥炭:V蛭石=3:1）处理的光合速率和蒸腾速率相对较强。T1（V泥炭:V珍珠岩=3:1）和T2（V泥炭:V珍珠岩=2:1）处理的苦楝出苗率最高,均达到了97.9%,T3、T5和T7（V泥炭:V蛭石:V珍珠岩=6:1:1）处理显著低于其他试验处理,分别仅为88.7%、85.4%和85.4%。多重比较结果表明,T2、T6（V泥炭:V蛭石=1:1）和T7的株高和地径显著大于其他试验处理,而T5处理则显著低于试验处理,T6处理的地上部生物量和地下部生物量相对较高,而T3和T5处理的生物量显著最低,各处理间不同指标的表现并不完全吻合。利用因子分析法综合评价不同容器育苗基质苦楝的育苗效果是适宜的。对苦楝的出苗率、株高、地径、地上部分和地下部分鲜重等5个指标进行因子分析,结果表明,T6为苦楝容器育苗最佳配比基质,其次为T7和T4,T3综合育苗效果最差。     

小白菜潮汐式栽培专用基质的筛选

对3种不同栽培基质和常规栽培基质（市场销售）在潮汐式灌溉模式下进行小白菜栽培试验,比较小白菜的植物学性状,筛选出适用于潮汐式灌溉的小白菜专用型栽培基质。研究结果表明,处理2（40%茶渣蚓粪、20%泥炭、20%蛭石、20%珍珠岩）培育的小白菜株高、生物量、株幅、SPAD 值均显著优于其他处理,栽培效果显著提高,可推荐作为潮汐式灌溉小白菜栽培的专用型基质。     

温度对海带幼孢子体后期的叶长、叶宽的影响

2014年—2016年,当海带养殖区水温降至19℃时,将海带"奔牛"品系的幼苗移植到荣成养鱼池湾海域,采用垂挂式养殖方式暂养,定期调整水层和摆洗幼苗,采用挂袋施肥的方式施加硫酸铵和硝酸铵的混合肥.约11月中旬,在海带苗种长至12～15 cm时开始分苗,此后在Ⅰ类海带养殖区,按照大单架平养的养殖方式进行正常养殖.自1月中...     

菌渣添加量对污染土壤Pb、Zn形态和水稻产量的影响

通过测定3种菌渣添加量对水稻3个生育期土壤Pb、Zn形态的变化、水稻籽粒Pb、Zn含量及水稻产量的影响,以期得出菌渣的适宜添加量,为重金属污染土壤的修复应用和作物安全生产提供理论依据。结果表明:三种菌渣处理可以降低土壤交换态Pb、Zn含量,且随着生育期逐步减少,提高土壤碳酸盐结合态Pb、Zn含量,以15%菌渣处理的效果最好,其次是10%菌渣处理,再次是5%菌渣处理;三种菌渣添加量可以显著提高水稻的千粒重和产量,但是不随菌渣添加量的增加而提高千粒重和产量,添加10%菌渣处理的千粒重和产量均达最高,其次是15%的菌渣处理;三种菌渣添加量对降低水稻籽粒Pb、Zn含量效果明显,15%菌渣处理的效果最好,10%菌渣处理次之。