漏缝地板发酵床对育肥羊养殖气体排放的影响及微生物学机理

为明确漏缝地板发酵床对育肥羊养殖过程氨(NH₃)和温室气体排放特征的影响机制,本研究设置地面和漏缝地板发酵床两个试验处理,测定分析了育肥羊养殖过程NH₃、氧化亚氮(N₂O)、二氧化碳(CO₂)和甲烷(CH₄)的排放特征,并采用宏基因组学解析了影响上述气体排放的微生物学机理。试验结果表明,与地面相比,漏缝地板发酵床能够显著降低育肥羊养殖过程的NH₃排放(P<0.05),其NH₃排放速率为21.64～58.92 mg·m^-2·h^-1,NH₃累积排放量为86.36±1.06 g·m^-2,减排率达58.60%。漏缝地板发酵床同样也能显著降低育肥羊养殖过程的CH₄排放速率(P<0.05),其CH₄累积排放量为26.66 g·m^-2,减排率可达64.42%。然而,漏缝地板发酵床会使得...     

气候变暖对西藏青稞农田氨挥发和产量的影响

【目的】研究气候变暖对西藏青稞农田氨挥发特性和青稞产量的影响,为探索减少青稞生产中的氨挥发、提高氮肥利用率提供依据。【方法】在西藏青稞主产区之一的拉萨河谷农区,采用开顶式气室(open-top chamber, OTC)增温系统模拟气候变暖进行大田试验。试验共设置不增温(对照,T0)、增温2℃(T2)和增温4℃(T4)3个处理。将290.25 kg/hm²尿素(纯N 133.5 kg/hm²)分别于播种前(4月12日)基施60%、拔节期(6月6日)和抽穗期(6月20日)各追施20%。测定不同处理青稞农田的土壤氨挥发通量以及青稞生长指标、产量及其构成要素,计算基肥和追肥的氨挥发积累量和氨挥发损失率,分析增温与土壤氨挥发特性以及青稞株高、产量及其构成要素的相关性。【结果】氮肥基施后,T0、T2和T4 3个处理的青稞农田土壤氨挥发通量至播种后第14天达到峰值,且土壤氨挥发通量峰值由大到小表现为T4>T0>T2;T2和T4处理基肥氨挥发周期均为26 d,较T0处理延长了3 d。于抽穗期追施氮肥后,T0、T2和T4 3个处理的土壤氨挥发通量...     

育肥猪舍氨气浓度测定与排放通量的估算

在北京选择一典型猪场,对不同季节育肥舍的氨气浓度进行了为期1年的试验测定,2004—2005年试验期间每2个月测定1次,每次测定3～4d,每2h采样一次,并根据二氧化碳平衡原理,对猪场不同生长阶段的育肥猪氨气排放通量进行了估算。结果表明,2005年1月舍内氨气的平均浓度为(10.09±4.60)mg·m-3。2004年7月舍内氨气平均浓度为(3.44±2.34)mg·m-3,5月舍内氨气浓度为(6.29±4.07)mg·m-3,11月舍内氨气浓度为(6.98±2.63)mg·m-3,夏季舍内氨气浓度日夜变化不显著,冬季每日最低氨气浓度出现在9:00—17:00时段;育肥猪饲养期间的氨气排放通量为每头107.18～424.42mg·h-1。     

仔猪轮状病毒感染与乳糖不耐受症的临床检测

[目的]探讨轮状病毒感染与乳糖不耐受症的临床相关性,为建立适用于规模化养猪场的仔猪轮状病毒感染检测方法提供理论依据.[方法]随机选择腹泻仔猪和健康仔猪各63头,采用醋酸铅—氢氧化铵法和pH试纸法分别检测仔猪粪便的乳糖和pH值,粪便乳糖大于或等于++且pH≤5.5为继发性乳糖不耐受症;然后运用猪轮状病毒诊断试剂检测乳糖不耐受病例的猪轮状病毒感染情况.[结果]与健康仔猪相比,腹泻仔猪粪便乳糖大于或等于++为36例,其中pH≤5.5有23例,即发生乳糖不耐受症的病例23例,占总腹泻仔猪数的36.51%.对23例乳糖不耐受病例进行轮状病毒感染检测,结果发现仔猪继发性乳糖不耐受症与猪感染轮状病毒所引起腹泻的吻合率高达100%.[结论]由猪轮状病毒所引起的仔猪腹泻,多会发生继发性乳糖不耐受症,采用醋酸铅—氢氧化铵法能及时鉴别诊断猪轮状病毒感染,且具有廉价、方便、快捷等优势,适合在基层猪场大规模使用.     

短程硝化反应器过程动力学特性研究

    采用脉冲刺激响应技术对内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器进行了示踪试验,结果表明反应器循环区的串联级数N为1.02,流态接近全混流反应器(CSTR),反应器沉淀区的分散数D/uL为0.00148,流态接近平推流反应器(PFR),整个反应器的流动模型可以表示为全混流反应器和平推流反应器的串联组合.对内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器曝气过程中的氨逃逸进行了分析,建立了氨逃逸的动力学模型,测得稳态运行时氨逃逸系数KNH3为0.692 L·h-1.通过物料平衡,建立了内循环颗粒污泥床短程硝化反应器的过程动力学模型,测得稳态运行时的模型参数:氨氮最大比去除速率vmax=8.13mg NH4+-N.(g MLSS)-1·h-1、饱和常数Ks=1.73 mg NH4+-N·L-1,动力学模型的计算值与试验值吻合良好,两者的平均相对误差为12.8%.     

慢性氨气暴露对肉鸡NK细胞杀伤活性和血清新城疫抗体效价和溶菌酶的影响

为探讨氨气对肉鸡免疫功能的影响,选择240只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成4个处理组,分别饲养在4个独立的、环境可控制的实验舱内。4个环控仓氨气浓度设计为0～3周龄分别为0、13、26mg/kg和52mg/kg;3～6周龄分别为0、20、40mg/kg和80mg/kg。结果表明:高浓度氨气暴露3周和6周,肉鸡血清溶菌酶均表现降低,其中3周龄溶菌酶降低较显著(P<0.05);肉鸡氨气暴露6周后,NK细胞杀伤活性显著下降(P<0.05),新城疫弱毒疫苗免疫效能显著降低(P<0.05)。这一结果表明肉鸡暴露在高浓度氨气环境中,其免疫功能会表现降低。     

黄墟镇禽用浅井水质调查

普查镇江市黄墟镇104口浅井水质,并长期监测了其中7口的水质。结果表明：pH值超标率为11．5％,总硬度仅有1口超标,且氯化物含量较低,属中性软水和低度碱性硬水区域;氨氮超标率70．4％,为主要面源污染物;监测的七口井氨氮浓度在七、八月份和十一、十二月份比较高,COD随着时间的推移呈现增加趋势,氯化物含量很低,且与总硬度呈线性关系,凸现种植业污染特征。     

The Effect of Supplementation with Fresh Browse of Ziziphus mauritiana or Combretum aculeatum on Feed Intake,Nitrogen Utilization and Growth of Grazing Range Sheep

The influence of 0, 60 or 120 min access to a grove of either Ziziphus mauritiana (Ziziphus) or Combretum aculeatum (Combretum) on forage intake and on the digestibility, growth and excretion of nutrients was determined using 40 Oudah rams grazing for 7 h/day on poor-quality dry season pasture in the Sahel. The effects of browse species and browsing duration (0, 30, 60 or 120 min) on the ruminal ammonia content were also evaluated using 8 mature fistulated rams. Ziziphus increased both total digestible organic matter and total dry matter intakes per (kg live weight)^0.75 without decreasing herbage intake, whereas 60 or 120 min access to Combretum reduced herbage intake by 6.3% and 4.2%, respectively. The digestibility of the diet decreased (p<0.05) with the duration of access to the groves. Despite the provision of more nitrogen (N) than in the control diet, ruminal NH₃-N decreased 24 h after browsing commenced. The reduced live weight gain of sheep browsing Combretum may indicate more deleterious compounds in Combretum than in Ziziphus. Ziziphus appears to have more potential than Combretum to increase sheep production in low-input crop/livestock systems.     

Combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

Infectious bursal disease is a highly infectious immunosuppressive disease of chickens endemic in many poultry-producing areas around the world. The non-enveloped virus that causes the disease, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is highly stable and resistant to inactivation by common disinfectants. Avian influenza viruses (AIV), on the other hand, are highly vulnerable to most disinfectants due to their phospholipid envelope, but still pose a major threat to the poultry industry, as the outbreaks in 2015 in the United States have shown. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of disinfectants against both IBDV and AIV but failed to take into consideration factors that would affect the disinfectant efficacy once used in the field, such as organic material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a commercial combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant against IBDV and AIV in the presence of organic material commonly found in the commercial poultry industry: fecal matter alone, feathers/dust mixed with feces, and bedding material mixed with feces. After a 10-minute disinfectant contact time, each surface was swabbed and virus isolation attempted in embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs. The non-enveloped very virulent (vv) IBDV was reisolated from spiked feces and shavings treated with the disinfectant. This was confirmed by RT-PCR detection of the virus. In contrast, no viral isolate or RT-PCR product was obtained from the samples collected from spiked feathers/dust treated with the disinfectant. Finally, no low pathogenic (LP) AI was re-isolated from the samples treated with the disinfectant indicating that, under laboratory conditions, the combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde was partially and completely effective in the inactivation of vvIBDV and LPAI, respectively. Not only the viral envelope, but also the presence of organic matter plays an important role in the viral resistance to disinfectants.     

樟科、丝兰属植物提取物对仔猪排泄物中氨和硫化氢散发的影响

研究旨在观察比较樟科植物提取物(CFPE)和丝兰植物提取物(YE)对仔猪生长性能、粪尿中氨和硫化氢散发的影响及其机理探讨。选用216头35日龄的杜长大仔猪,按照体重相近、公、母各半的原则分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复24头仔猪。CFPE试验组和YE试验组分别饲喂含350 mg/kg CFPE和125 mg/kg YE的基础日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验期为35 d。结果表明:CFPE和YE均显著影响仔猪平均日增重(ADG)和饲料增重比(F/G()P<0.05),CFPE组ADG高于YE组,F/G低于YE组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。CFPE和YE对脲酶活性影响极显著(P<0.01),CFPE组脲酶活性低于YE组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);在粪尿排出后6 h时间点,CFPE和YE对尿素氮浓度有显著影响(P<0.05),从12 h时间点开始,影响达到极显著(P<0.01)。CFPE使氨态氮最高浓度出现时间点推迟,7 d时间点,CFPE、YE组的氨态氮浓度均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),CFPE组高于YE组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。除12 h和48 h时间点外,CFPE组、YE组的可溶性硫化物的浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),仔猪粪便发酵第4天和第8天产生的硫化氢平均值均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结果提示,饲料中添加CFPE和YE可通过减缓尿素氮分解和可溶性硫化物的产生,从而减少氨和硫化氢的散发;CFPE效果优于YE。