对1／2和1／4野血牦犊牛生长发育的观测

１９９４～１９９６年在海南州赛什塘牧场对１／２和１／４野血牦犊牛的生长发育进行了观测。结果：１／２和１／４野血牦犊牛的初生重分别比家牦犊牛提高７．６５％和８．８６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,１／２野血牦犊牛在初生时的体高、体长和胸围比家牦犊牛分别提高３．２１％,５．５７％,５．５１％;６月龄时分别提高９．５６％,１１．４６％,３．５９％;１８月龄时分别提高９．１８％,１７．５５％,７．６４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

提高牦母牛繁殖性能的研究

采用不同剂量生殖激素处理3.5岁的青年牦母牛,结果发情率提高5.84和23.26个百分点,繁殖率分别提高34.69和41.21个百分点。采用不同剂量生殖激素处理和怀孕牦母牛围产期补饲的措施,促进产后成年牦母牛发情配种,结果发情率分别提高42.42,54.67和37.51个百分点,繁殖率提高43.93,48.48和20.10个百分点。生殖激素处理和围产期补饲对提高牦牛繁殖性能有较大的促进作用,高剂量生殖激素的促进效果较明显。     

牦牛乳酸脱氢酶A的分离纯化、酶学性质及其基因的克隆

 【目的】分离纯化牦牛骨骼肌中的乳酸脱氢酶-A（LDH-A）,并克隆其cDNA。通过比较牦牛与普通牛的LDH-A的酶学性质和cDNA序列,为研究牦牛适应高海拔、低氧环境,在分子水平上找到一些线索。【方法】采用染料亲和层析和DEAE-Sephadex离子交换层析等方法,分别从牦牛和普通牛骨骼肌中纯化LDH-A,并对其酶学性质进行比较;通过RT-PCR方法克隆牦牛LDH-A的cDNA序列,并与GenBank登录的普通牛LDH-A的cDNA序列进行比对。【结果】纯化的牦牛LDH-A比活力为103.9 U•mg-1蛋白,纯化倍数为18.2。SDS-PAGE和PAGE分析均显示一条带。酶动力学参数测定显示,牦牛LDH-A的Km NADH为0.097,Km 丙酮酸钠为1.897,均不同程度高于普通牛,其中对丙酮酸钠的Km大约是普通牛的2倍。根据牦牛LDH-A的cDNA序列预测的氨基酸序列与普通牛LDH-A的氨基酸序列比较,只有2个氨基酸残基的改变（257Val-Ala和315Tyr-Cys）。【结论】牦牛LDH-A对丙酮酸的高Km可避免骨骼肌中产生过多的乳酸,是适应进化的结果;这种升高可能与其氨基酸序列变化导致的空间结构微小改变有关。     

西藏自然风冻干牦牛肉加工工艺与微生物菌相分析

以西藏特有的自然条件对牦牛肉进行冷冻干燥处理,确定冻干生牛肉肉片的最佳生产工艺;测定了总糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、酸价及过氧化值在加工过程中的变化.结果表明:生产的风冻干牦牛肉细菌总数显著下降,有害菌减少;理化性质也发生了一定的变化,如总糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白含量升高,由此可知,通过这种方法加工出来的产品是一种营养保留全面、工艺简洁、风味独特、耐贮藏、质量轻、易携带的高档肉制品.     

牦牛胚胎皮肤及其附属物形态发生规律

通过胚胎组织切片及常规染色发现,胚胎期第35天已经初步分化形成皮肤,随后表皮经历复层化,真皮经历胞外基质纤维堆积,形成哺乳动物典型皮肤结构。毛囊形态发生开始于胚胎期第75天,经历基板形成、毛芽、毛钉和毛囊分化成熟几个主要阶段。初级毛囊形成过程中伴随几波次级毛囊发生,最终形成由3种不同毛囊类型组成,呈单毛囊散在分布的毛被结构。皮脂腺和汗腺的发育伴随毛囊发生而发生,经历形态发生和分化成熟过程,最终形成毛囊-皮脂腺-汗腺单位。牦牛皮脂腺和汗腺分布于初级和次级毛囊,这种广泛分布特征体现了其环境适应性。     

玛曲牦牛产业存在的问题及对策

本文在全面分析玛曲牦牛产业发展现状的基础上,指出影响玛曲牦牛产业发展的主要原因及制约发展的主要瓶颈,提出了相应的解决办法及应对措施。     

天祝白牦牛KAP1.1基因亚型B2A克隆及鉴定

通过对天祝白牦牛高硫角蛋白基因启动子B2A克隆得到其序列,将序列提交到NCBI,登录号:KJ910005,并对其进行生物信息学分析,通过亚细胞定位,磷酸化分析,二级、三级结构和保守结构域预测结果比较,MEGA 5.10软件进行NJ法进化树构建和Meg Align进行蛋白质相似分析来分析B2A基因与KAP1.1(Keratin associated protein1.1)基因的差异性。B2A基因的CDS区全长为471 bp,共编码156个氨基酸,二级结构含有延伸链、β转角和无规卷曲3种。B2A蛋白和KAP1.1蛋白的亚细胞定位,磷酸化分析,保守结构域,二级结构、三级结构和同源性差异较大。但是从功能预测结果显示2个蛋白功能完全一致,并且使用Clustal X进行氨基酸序列比对分析显示B2A蛋白从第33位开始相对于KA1.1蛋白有10个氨基酸的缺失以外,其余序列之间的保守性相当高。因此,可以证明B2A基因是KAP1.1基因的基因亚型。     

Yak interferon-alpha loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for controlled release

To explore the potential of a novel animal interferon formulation for controlled release, the yak interferon-alpha (IFN-α) glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the purified recombinant IFN-α was encapsulated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by double emulsion solvent evaporation (w/o/w) method. The particle size and zeta potential of IFN-α-loaded SLN were 124.2 ± 10.2 nm and −11.2 ± 0.6 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of IFN-α and loading capacity of the SLN were 83.7 ± 4.5% and 1.73 ± 0.15%, respectively. In vitro release study and antiviral assay demonstrated that the IFN-α released from the SLN in a 16-day period exhibited antiviral activity in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and showed a release pattern of an initial burst release followed by a sustained and slow release. Cytotoxicity assay in cell culture demonstrated that the SLN were not toxic. The results of this exploratory study suggest that the IFN-α-loaded SLN could be a useful formulation for controlled release in veterinary therapeutics.     

Seroprevalence of brucellosis in yaks (Poephagus grunniens) in India and evaluation of protective immunity to S19 vaccine

The present study was carried out to explore the seroprevalence of brucellosis in yaks of North-Eastern hilly yak tracts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Of 374 animals tested, 23.79, 21.11 and 18.98% were found positive for brucellosis using avidin-biotin ELISA (AB-ELISA), Rose-Bengal plate test (RBPT) and standard tube-agglutination test (STAT), respectively. The relative sensitivity and specificity for STAT were 79.77 and 100%, respectively and the same for RBPT were 88.76 and 100%, respectively in comparison to AB-ELISA. The alarming prevalence as recorded was highest among the yak cows (31.42%) followed by heifers (23.85%) and bulls (8.88%). The immune response in yaks following standard dose of calfhood vaccination with Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine showed that protective antibody level persisted up to 210 days. This is the first report from India on prevalence of brucellosis and immunization with B abortus strain 19 vaccine in yaks. The present investigation would be a valuable guideline for future control measure and eradication programme of brucellosis in yaks.     

放牧强度和放牧时间对牦牛干物质采食量及其表观消化率的影响

垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地3个放牧季节的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:放牧强度和放牧时间对牦牛采食量均有极显著的影响(P<0.01),在放牧期内,牦牛干物质的采食量随放牧强度的增加而减小,而且随放牧时间的延续,各放牧区牦牛的干物质采食量均在8月5-20日达到最大;放牧强度对牦牛粪干物质的影响极显著(P<0.01),而放牧时间(季节变化)对它的影响不显著(P>0.05);极轻度和轻度放牧区牦牛干物质的消化率均在7月20日-8月5日达到最大,而中度和重度放牧区均在8月20日-9月5日达到最大。